Lead Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments for Selected ...

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 REFERENCES Centers for Disease Control (1991) Preventing lead poisoning in young children: a statement by the Centres for Disease Control. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of health and Human Services, Public Health Service; October 1. http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000029/p0000029.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Preventing lead poisoning in young children: a statement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. August. Henderson, R. (2006) Letter from Dr. Rogene Henderson, Chair, Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee, to Administrator Stephen L. Johnson. Re: Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) Lead Review Panel’s Consultation on EPA’s draft Analysis Plan for Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Review of the Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards. July 26, 2006. Henderson, R. (2007) Letter from Dr. Rogene Henderson, Chair, Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee, to Administrator Stephen L. Johnson. Re: Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee’s (CASAC) Review of the 1 st Draft Lead Staff Paper and Draft Lead Exposure and Risk Assessments. March 27, 2007. ICF International. (2006) Lead Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments and Ecological Risk Assessment for Selected Areas. Pilot Phase. Draft Technical Report. Prepared for the U.S. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. December. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1990) Air Quality Criteria for Lead: Supplement to the 1986 Addendum. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office; report no. EPA/600/8-89/049F. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-138420. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1990) Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information: OAQPS Staff Paper. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; report no. EPA-450/2-89/022. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-206185. Available on the web: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pb/data/rnaaqsl_asti.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006a) Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Washington, DC, EPA/600/R 5/144aF. Available online at: www.epa.gov/ncea/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006b). Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information, OAQPS Staff Paper – First Draft. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006c) Analysis Plan for Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Review of the Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pb/s_pb_cr_pd.html July 2007 1-8 Draft – Do Not Quote or Cite
1 2 DESIGN OF EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENTS 2 The risk assessment design relies on the use of case studies. The types of case studies 3 included, as well as the analytical aspects of the assessment of each, reflect consideration of the 4 evidence presented in the CD, air quality analyses, and findings of the pilot assessment (Section 5 1.3), as well as comments received from CASAC (Section 1.4) and the public. 6 Drawing primarily from the CD, Section 2.1 provides background for the risk 7 assessment, with regard to key elements of Pb exposure and effects. The assessment scenarios 8 evaluated in the assessment are described in Section 2.2. Background information on the three 9 case studies is described in Section 2.3. Section 2.4 describes the analytical approach, with 10 attention to key analytical steps, and discussion of temporal and spatial aspects of the 11 assessment, as well as the categorization of policy-relevant exposure pathways, and the 12 uncertainty characterization. 13 2.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON LEAD EXPOSURE AND RISK 14 As recognized in Section 1.1, there are a variety of complexities associated with the 15 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 assessment of air-related Pb exposure and risk. In this risk assessment, we have attempted to 16 focus effort on those aspects that are most important and feasible to address within our scope and 17 given the constraints of time, pertinent data, models, etc. With regard to some aspects, 18 simplifying assumptions have been implemented. The following subsections describe elements 19 of Pb exposure and effects pertinent to evaluating public health risks associated with Pb from ambient air, and specify those that are explicitly addressed in this quantitative risk assessment. 21 This is summarized in Figure 2-1, with boxes outlined in bold indicating items included in the 22 quantitative risk assessment and sources and pathways for which ambient air has played a role 23 identified in bold text. 24 July 2007 2-1 Draft – Do Not Quote or Cite
Page 1: Lead Human Exposure and Health Risk
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1 contribution of air Pb both direc
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1 concentrations. Consequently, the
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REFERENCES
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