Water Reuse Plans for DoD Facilities

Water Reuse Plans for DoD Facilities By: David Ammerman, AECOM & Diana Maimone, NAVFAC Washington

Outline 

Water Reuse Purpose – Why/What 

Water Reuse in the US - Where 

NSA Annapolis Water Reuse Study 

• Drivers for Water Reuse 

• Design Process and Strategy 

• Design Recommendations 

Other NAVFAC Washington Water Reuse Sites 

Status Updates 

Questions 


First some definitions 

• Domestic wastewater : means wastewater derived principally from 

dwellings, business buildings, institutions, and the like. 

• Effluent : unless specifically stated otherwise, means water that is not 

reused after flowing out of any plant or other works used for the purpose of 

treating, stabilizing, or holding wastes. 

• Disposal : means the discharge of effluent to injection wells, effluent 

outfalls, subsurface drain systems, and other facilities utilized strictly for the 

release of effluents into the environment. 

• Reuse : means the deliberate application of reclaimed water, in compliance 

with the applicable rules, for a beneficial purpose. 


Reclaimed Water Purpose 

Effluent 

Disposal 

Water 

Conservation 


Traditional Treatment & 

Disposal Systems 

Water Reclamation 

Facility 


Business as usual 

Year 0 

Nutrient Concentrations in 

Surface Water 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

10 years 20 years 30 years 40 years 50 years 60 years 



Year 0 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 




Year 10 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 




Year 20 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 




Year 20 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 




Year 30 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 




Year 50 and Beyond 



6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 



CO2 eq mt/yr 

The Trade off between water quality and energy use 

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Distribution – 10 mgd plant 

14,000 

12,000 

10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

4,000 

2,000 

0 

-2,000 

Cogeneration 

Pumping/Mixing 

Sum N2O/CH4Emissions 

Biosolids Hauling 

Deep Well Injection 

Miscellaneous 

Aeration 

Chemical Manufacturing 

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 

Pumping/Mixing Chemical Manufacturing/Delivery 

Aeration Miscellaneous 

Deep Well Injection Cogeneration 

Biosolids Hauling Sum N2O/CH4 Emissions 




Water Reuse 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

42% Reuse 





A new approach 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

70% Reuse 



Reuse in Other States 

90% Water Reuse Occurs in Four States 

CA 

AZ 

TX 

Source: WaterReuse Association, Presentation by Shearer, 5/2010 

Water Reuse Plans for DoD Facilities By: David Ammerman, AECOM & Diana Maimone, NAVFAC Washington 

FL

Reported Reuse (mgd) 

Water Reuse by State – Total (MGD) 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

663 

580 

11.2 

31.4 

*States Ranked by Reuse Per Capita 

8.2 5.2 2.6 0.7 0.1 

Source Speas-Frost et al, “DEP Regulatory Update”, FWEA Reuse Seminar, January 2011 


35 , 000 

30 , 000 

25 , 000 

20 , 000 

15 , 000 

10 , 000 

5 , 000 

- 

Freshwater Withdrawals 

Source: Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005, USGS 2009 


2011 Florida Reclaimed Water Usage 

11% 

10% 

16% 

Source: FDEP Reuse Survey 

5% 

58% 

Public Access 

Agriculture 

Ground Water 

Recharge 

Industrial Uses 

Wetlands & Other 


NSA Annapolis Water Reuse 

• Plant built in 1947 with upgrades in 1970s 

• Averages 120,000 gal/day of flow 

• Relies on Trickling Filters with 3 ft deep rock 

media for nitrification 


NSA Annapolis Water Reuse 

• NPDES Permit issued for ENR (4.0 mg/L TN, 0.3 mg/L TP) 

FLOW Nitrogen Load 

1 MGD 12,176 lbs/yr 

0.45 MGD 5,479 lbs/yr 

Current 0.12 MGD 4,110 lbs/yr 

• Options to meet permit requirements 

– New WWTP: MILCON waiting list, low priority, $ 

– Remove WWTP and Divert Flow to City/County- Negotiations 

will take years to reach agreement and construct infrastructure, $ 

– Install Denitrification Filters (Planned) 

– Water Reuse $1.6 M (includes electrical upgrade) 


NSAA Water Reuse Study 

• Evaluate slow rate irrigation 

• Potential sites: golf course, compost site, cooling 

towers, carwash, and rifle range 

• Naval Academy WWTP effluent (supply): 

• Meets Class II (with DN upgrade meets Class III) 

• Lab analysis indicates excellent water quality for turf irrigation/land 

application 

• Field results indicate slopes, soils and infiltration 

rates at test locations are all within MDE reuse 

guidelines 


Site Selection Map 

Potential land irrigation sites 


NSA WWTP Wastewater Classification 1 

Parameter Class I Class II Class III Class IV 2 

BOD 5 (monthly average), 

mg/l 70 10 10 10 

TSS (monthly average or 

turbidity), mg/l unless 

otherwise noted 90 10 

Fecal Coliform 

(MPN/100 ml)monthly 

geo mean) 

2 NTU, not to exceed 

5 NTU at any time 

2 NTU, not to exceed 5 

NTU at any time 

200, 3 (golf 

courses) 3 2.2 2.2 

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 

Residual Chlorine, mg/l Case by case Case by case Case by case 0.5 - 4 

Total Nitrogen, mg/l - - - 10 

1. Maryland Department of the Environment Guidelines for Land Application/Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewaters, MDE-WMA-01-04/10. 

2. Tertiary filtration required. 


Water Reuse at Golf Courses 

• High non-potable water demand (NSAA Golf Course uses 18- 

21 MG/year) 

• Conserve groundwater/potable water 

• Located in close proximity to WWTP 

• Reuse rate = existing absorptive capacity of turf 

• No “rest” periods required 

• No additional soil type or infiltration rate testing required 


Groundwater Table – NSA Golf Course Wells 


Current Golf Course Irrigation Process 

Golf Course 

Well Pumps 

300 gpm 

Golf Course 

Irrigation Pond 

Existing 

Irrigation 

Pumps 

1,500 gpm 

Golf Course Irrigation 

Distribution System 

• Maximum Irrigation Capability 

• 6 Hours of Irrigation Time @ 1,500 gpm * 6 hours * 60 minutes/hr = 

540,000 gal/day 

• Max Month for Groundwater Withdrawal = 8 MG or 270,000 

gallons/day 

• Average Reclaimed Water Supply = 120,000 gallons/day or 3.6 MG 


Golf Course Irrigation System Location 

May 12, 2011 


Golf Course Daily Average Monthly Well 

Water Withdrawal (1999-2010) 

G 

a 

l 

l 

o 

n 

s 

140,000 

120,000 

100,000 

80,000 

60,000 

40,000 

20,000 

0 

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 


Current Flow with Avg TN – 9 mg/l 

(120,000 gpd) 

Future Flow with TN Limit – 4 mg/l 

(250,000 gpd) 

Total N (lbs./yr) 3,324 3,044 

Total N Removed (lbs.) 1,165 1,108 

% N Removed 35% 36% 

Potential for TN Offset – Current Flow 


G 

a 

l 

l 

o 

n 

s 

9,000,000 

8,000,000 

7,000,000 

6,000,000 

5,000,000 

4,000,000 

3,000,000 

2,000,000 

1,000,000 

0 

Golf Course Water Demand 

Wellwater Consumption 2009 Season 

TOTAL 18MG 

Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 

TOTAL 26MG 


Turf Nitrogen Uptake – MDE Calculation 

W = 4.43C + a(P-ET)-cP 

y - a - y(d+n) 

W= wastewater loading (acre-inch/acre-year) 

C= removal of nitrogen in crop (lbs/acre-year) 

a= allowable nitrogen concentration in percolation or runoff water (mg/l) 

P= precipitation (acre-inch/acre-year) 

ET= potential evapotranspiration (assume that P + W will allow potential ET 

to be realized in all cases) (acre-inch/acre-year) 

c= concentration of nitrogen in precipitation (mg/l) 

y= concentration of nitrogen in wastewater (mg/l) 

d= fraction of nitrogen which is denitrified (% x 10^2) 

n= fraction of nitrogen which is volatilized as ammonia (% x 10^-2) 

W = 161 acre-inch/acre year for 4 mg/l TN 

W = 72 acre-inch/acre-year for 9 mg/l TN 

Result – can apply maximum of 2 MG per acre per year at 9 mg/l TN 

Irrigation is not nutrient limited! 


Turf Nitrogen Uptake 

• MDE requirement – no nitrogen input to groundwater 

• Nitrogen uptake rate of golf course turf = 150 lbs./ac.-yr 

• Currently NSAA Golf Course irrigation system only covers 50 

ac. 

• Future room for irrigation expansion to remaining 60 ac. 

Reclaimed 

Water Supply, 

MG 

Applied Area, 

Acres 

Reclaimed 

Water TN, mg/l 

TN Applied, 

pounds (35% 

Utilization) 

TN Uptake, 

pounds 

0.12 50 9 1,165 7,500 

0.12 50 4 520 7,500 

0.24 50 4 1,040 7,500 

0.24 50 4 1,040 7,500 


Reuse – Process Approach: 

Existing Conditions 

TF 

Effluent 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Lift 

Station 

Shallow Bed 

Filters 

Chlorine Contact 

Chamber 

Reuse Storage 

Tank /Pump 

Station 

To Carr Creek 

To Golf Course 


Reuse – Process Approach Phase 1: 

Summer 

TF 

Effluent 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Lift 

Station 

Denitrification 

Facility 

Shallow Bed 

Filters 

Reuse system would 

provide additional process 

flexibility in the late spring, 

through early fall! 

Disinfection: 

CCC/UV 


Tank /Pump 

Station 

To 

Carr Creek 

To 

Golf Course 


Reuse – Process Approach Phase 1: 

Winter 

TF 

Effluent 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Lift 

Station 


Facility 

Shallow Bed 

Filters 

Disinfection: 

CCC/UV 


Tank /Pump 

Station 

To 

Carr Creek 

To 

Golf Course 


Water Reuse Design Approach 

Alternative 1 

May 12, 2011 


Water Reuse Design – Preferred 

Approach 

WWTP 

Chlorine 

Contact 

Chamber 

Wet 

Well 

at 

Plant 

On the Plant Site 

Reuse 

Transfer 

PS 

at Plant 

Reuse Main Between 

WWTP and GC 

Golf 

Course 

Well 

Pumps 

Golf Course 


On the Golf Course 

Site 



Existing 

Irrigation 

Pumps 


Water Reuse Design Approach to 

Avoid Discharge Permitting Issues 

WWTP 

Chlorine 

Contact 

Chamber 

Storage 

Tank at 

Plant 

On the Plant Site 

Reuse PS 

at Plant 

Reuse Main Between 

WWTP and GC 

Existing 

Irrigation 

Pumps 



Golf Course 


On the Golf Course Site 


Golf 

Course 

Well 

Pumps

Recommendations 

• Implement golf course reuse system. 

• Proceed with plant denitrification upgrades. Consider reduction in 

installed DN filter capacity. 

• Other Activities: 

• Implementation of I/I reduction – up to 62k gallon reduction which would offset 

up to 22% of anticipated future flows 

• Consider replacement of tricking filter media for improved secondary 

performance and enhancement of nitrification if projected flow increases 

• Wait and on further upgrades until discharge reductions and plant flow growth 

picture becomes more clear. 


TF 

Effluent 

TN Removal Plan - Current 

Seconda 

ry 

Clarifier 

Seconda 

ry 

Clarifier 

Lift 

Station 

Shallow Bed 

Filters 

Chlorine Contact 

Chamber 

To Carr Creek 

Condition NH3 NOx ON TN TN #s/Year 

Existing 1.1 6.7 1.3 9.1 3,324 


TN Removal Plan – DN Upgrade Plus Reuse 

TF 

Effluent 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Second 

ary 

Clarifier 

Lift 

Station 


Facility 

Condition TN 

#s/Year 

Existing 

DN 

Upgrade 

DN + 

Reuse 

Shallow Bed 

Filters 

3,324 

1,242 


671 

Disinfection: 

CCC/UV 


Tank /Pump 

Station 

To 

Carr Creek 

To 

Golf Course

Cost Effectiveness of Water Reuse 

Versus Denitrification 

Upgrade 

Approach 

Capacity 

(MGD) 

Capital 

Cost 

TN Reduction 

(based on current 

conditions) 

Cost/pound 

TN 

Denitrification 0.5 $3.5M 2,082 $1,680 

Water Reuse 0.35 $1.5M 1,177 $1,200 

Under existing flows and loads, water reuse 

is more cost effective than denitrification for 

TN removal! 


Reuse System Benefits 

• Process Flexibility – back-up for denitrification 

• Groundwater conservation 

• Expandable water demand if WWTP flows and 

loads increase 

• Allows for potential forestalling of future 

upgrades 

• “Bank” for nutrient offsets for WIP TMDLs – 

mitigate costly stormwater BMP implementation 


Other Water Reuse within NAVFAC 

Washington 

• Camp Upshur (MCB Quantico, VA)- New SBR WWTP 

designed for permanent and temporary training populations 

(20–2,200) 

• WWTP flow ranges from 26,000 gpd – 140,000 gpd. 

• Reclaimed Water Usage = 7,500 gpd (average daily flow) 

• Supplies reclaimed water to truck wash rack and 

WWTP process equipment 


Camp Upshur Water Reuse Features 

• Storage tank – aboveground, steel, 70,000 gallon 

• 20' diameter x 30' tall 

• Provides minimum 7 days storage at 

average daily flow 

• Sample ports, water level instrumentation 

• Hydropneumatic tank with feed pumps maintains 

distribution system pressure (downstream of the 

reuse water storage tank) 

• Reclaimed Water Usage - estimated by comparing 

totalized influent and effluent flows 


Camp Upshur Design 


Other Water Reuse within NAVFAC 

Washington 

• NSF Dahlgren, VA- 0.72 MGD 

Bardenpho WWTP 

• Reclaimed water fosters 

biodiversity in a constructed 

wetland. Wetlands provide 

further polishing and nutrient 

removal prior to discharging to 

Upper Machodoc Creek 

(Potomac River Basin) 


Thank You! 

Tom Schemmel – Naval Academy Golf Course Director 

Ching-Tzone Tien – MDE Chief Groundwater Discharge Permit Division 

Brian Aylaian – AECOM Project Manager 

Tim Rath – Annapolis Utilities Manager 

Megan Owen – Annapolis Community Planner 

Matt Klimoski – Annapolis Installation Environmental Director 

Jennifer Stewart – Annapolis Water Media Manager 

Amit Kapadia – NAVFAC Washington Project Team Lead 

Rob Russina – JACOBS Civil Engineering Project Lead 


Questions? 


Back Up Slides 


Water Reuse Design Approach 

Alternative 1 

May 12, 2011 


Per Capita Rainfall Comparisons 

Country or Region 

Annual Rainfall 

(inches) 

Land Area 

(sq. mi.) 

Pop 

(millions) 

Saudi Arabia 4.0 900,004 21.1 

Arizona 13.1 113,642 5.1 

U.S. Average - - - 

Potomac Watershed ~40.0 14,670 5.0 

Singapore 86.6 267 4.4 

Source: Thomas j. Grizzard, P.E. Ph.D, Virginia Tech 

Note: Singapore calculations does 

not include Johor catchments 


Per Capita Rainfall (1,000 M3/cap/yr) 

Water Availability 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Saudi 

Arabia 

Arizona US Average Potomac 

Watershed 

Singapore 


Water Use by State excluding 

Thermoelectric Demands 

Florida 

Irrigation 

49% 

Industrial 

(Fresh) 

4% 

Public Supply 

41% 

Maryland 

Industrial 

(Fresh) 

5% 

Irrigation 

5% 

Industrial 

(Saline) 

191 

17% 

Public Supply 

62% 


Comparison of Water Use by State by Volume 

Water Use (mgd) 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

Florida 

Maryland

Water Reuse Plans for DoD Facilities

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?