THE BABYLONIAN EXPEDITION

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FROM TIIE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUX. ix several characteristic features of the periods mentioned. Thus the sign PI is still used, at least sometimes, for wi; a t does not yet exist; we have di-im, te-e-ma and NE-ma. The latter ought to be transcribed rather by de-ma than by ,te-ma. The q begins to make itself felt in quite a good many instances. Yet, wherever ki is written for pi, I transcribed accordingly. It will be noticed that I read the name NIN.IB Errish(t). This reading I arn still prepared to maintain, not only onaccount of the gloss urash, but also on account of the identity of *IUNIN.IB and 'lUEr(r)ish, see The Monist, Vol. XVII, No. 1 (Jan., 1907), p. 142. The Aramaic transcription of NIN.IB is not nVVN but nVljN, as is now beyond question, it being plainly written in the latter fashion on several unpublished tablets in Constantinople, and also on an ostracon from Nippur preserved in the Babylonian Section of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania (private communication of Prof. Hilprecht; see also p. 41, note). r'lfllj~ apparently does not represent the pronunciation (this is Errish(t)), but an attribute of
X LETTERS TO CBSSITE KINGS ciful one" (ri?mi?nd, K 128 = Jensen, Kosrn., p. 470), the "merciful god" (ilu ri?m&nd, 1 H. 17 : 19), the "one who gives life" (qa-ish 171.LA, I It. 17 : 19), "who gives the spirit of life" (qic'ish napshhti, Jensen, Z.C.), "who quickens the dead" (muballit me[tdti], Jensen, LC.), who delivers the dead out of the nether world: "who has been brought down into the nether world, his body thou bringest back again" (sha ana aralla shdrudu paqarshu tuterra, Bgl, the Christ, p. 45, note 2; cf. 2C ixl. 15, "God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol"; or 4 xvi. 10, "For thou will not leave my soul to Sheol"). From these considerations it follows that the "Son" of the Nippuriarl Trinity (Enlil-NIN.IB-NIN.LIL = Bau) was the prototype not only of Nin.Girsu in the Girsu Trinity (Enlil-Nin.Girsu-hTlN.LIL= Bau) or of Marduk in the Eridu Trinity (0.8-~arduk-Damkina = Sarpanitum), but even of Christ in the Christian Trinity (Father-Son-Holy Spirit); in each and every case the "Son" was the Saviour, the en usdti; hence Christ was rightly called the "JesusJJ and was greeted, when entering Jerusalem, with joyful "Ilosannahs," k?J-Yzfl;I, "Save (now, 0 Lord) !" While writing this Preface, there lies before me a copy of "The so-called Peters- Hilprecht Controversy." Prof. Hilprecht's critics make so much ado about the "probable" place of provenance of the so-called Lushtamar letter, all of them claiming that if the envelope were opened and the contents read, its place of origin would be settled for all time to come. This very clamor proves better than anything else that those gentlemen never have read a Babylonian letter! To help clear the atmosphere a little in this respect, I may be permitted to say a few words about the place of origin of letters in general. 1. In no letter thus far published is there ever found an absolute reliable indi- cium about its place of origin. The only thing in a letter which might possibly help solve such a question is the so-called invocation frequently found after the address. If, e.g., for the protection of his correspondent, a writer invokes certain gods wor- shipped in a certain city, it is probable that that writer hailed, resp. sent, his letter from that city the gods of which he invoked. Cf. here No. 89, where the writer Phn-AN.GAL-lu-mur invokes the gods of Ddr-ilu for the protection of the addressee; hence the probability is that the writer hailed and wrote from Ddr-ilu. But this, as I said, is and must remain a probability only, for we find in the letters here published another example in which the writer invokes the gods of Nippur. This letter (No. 38) has likewise been found in Nippur. Now it is not at all likely that the writer, when sending his letter to the "LordJJ at Nippur, was himsel) in Nippur. If he were, he would most assuredly have appeared before the "Lord" in person, thereby saving himself the trouble of writing a letter, which had to be baked, encased in an envelope,
Page 1 and 2: THE BABYLONIAN EXPEDITION OF THE UN
Page 3 and 4: LETTERS CASSITE KINGS FROM THE BY H
Page 5 and 6: 'Co Vrs, Sallie Crozer nilprscbt )W
Page 7: . . . Vlll LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS
Page 11 and 12: xii LETTXRS TO CASSI~E KINGS the le
Page 13 and 14: . PAGE I . TIME AND AGE OF THE LETT
Page 15 and 16: 2 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS Among th
Page 17 and 18: 4 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS the tim
Page 19 and 20: 6 IJETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS (the h
Page 21 and 22: 8 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS "Me-li-S
Page 23 and 24: 10 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS (d) Cer
Page 25 and 26: 12 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS (y) The
Page 27 and 28: 14 LETTERS TO CAPSITE ICINGS (a) To
Page 29 and 30: stationed, as it seems, at differen
Page 31 and 32: 18 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS (a) ad
Page 33 and 34: 20 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS he., En
Page 35 and 36: 22 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS 5 A P
Page 37 and 38: 24 LE~TERS TO CASSITE ICINGS invari
Page 39 and 40: 26 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS (9) the
Page 41 and 42: 28 LZTTERS TO CASSITE KINGS writer
Page 43 and 44: 30 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS the nat
Page 45 and 46: 32 LETTERS TO CaSSITE KINGS reasona
Page 47 and 48: 34 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS selves
Page 49 and 50: 36 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS GU.EN.N
Page 51 and 52: 38 LETTERS TO GASSITE ICINGS NI(G)-
Page 53 and 54: 40 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS 4 nap(
Page 55 and 56: 42 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS here th
Page 57 and 58: 44 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS 31 abu
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46 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS arrived
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PROM THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FRON THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FROM THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FROM TIfE TEMPLE ARCIIIVES OF NIPPU
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8 it-ti-ka li-li-ku 9 shal-mi-ish a
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IV. The fact that the be-li in all
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FROM TEE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FROM THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPFUR.
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Page 80 and 81:
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FROX THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FROM TEE TEMPLE ARCHITrES OF NIPPUI
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k'ltOl\l THE TEMPIJC ARCHIVES OF NI
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Page 92 and 93:
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FROM TTHE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR
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FROM TRE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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FRODZ THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR
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FROM THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIFPUR.
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FROM THE TZMPLE ARCIIIVES OF NIPPUR
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Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
FROM THE TEMPLE ARCHI\TES OF NIPPUR
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pa-an me-e i-ha-bu-bu 18 iL "uMan-~
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FRON THE TENPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUR.
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Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
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28 nu-da-nu aq-ba-ak-ku 29 am-mi-ni
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116 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS 14 : 6
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118 LE~TI'ERS TO CASSITE ICINGS 5 a
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120 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS XI. No
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4 ultu(= TA) amTcm ak-shk-d[a]' Sin
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124 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS 18 a-n
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LETTERS TO CASSlTE KINGS XII. No. 3
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128 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS 10 ha-
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1 ardi-ka " U-bar-mm a-na di-na-'an
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132 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS 19 i-
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134 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS XIV,
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136 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS (No. 3
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138 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS 15 an-
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LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS XVI. Yo. 3
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LETTERS TO CASS'LTE KINGS XVII. An
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FROM THE TEMPLE ARCIIIVES OF NIPPUR
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FROM THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPI'UR
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FRON THE TEMPLE ARCHIVES OF NIPPUX.
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164 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS Kames
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156 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS AN-TIM
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LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS VII. DESCR
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13 11 "My Lord" (a-na be-?cia) LETT
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27 20 "My 1,orcl" (a-nn be-li-ia) L
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164 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS TEXT.
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166 LETTERS TO CASSITE ICINGS TI,:x
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68 50 "My Lord" (a-na be-li-ia) LET
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170 LETTERS TO CASSITE KINGS TEXT.
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8, 9 111 10, 11 IV 12, 13 V 14, 15
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LETTERS TO CASSITE KJNGS.
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Y Obverse.
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Reverse.
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8 Obverse. Reverse.
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13 Obverse. Reverse. Obuerse. Rever
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Obverse. Obverse.
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Lo. E. $0
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20 Lo. E.
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Lo. E. 10 R.
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Reverse.
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Obverse.
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10 Lo. E. R. 16 Obvwse. Reverse
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Lo. E.
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6 Reverse.
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68 Obverse. Reverse.
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Obwse. Reverse.
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Obverse. , 78 Obverse. Reverse. Rev
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87 Obverse. Reverse.
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Obverse
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4 ENVELOPE I. RIGHT EDGE 5. LOWER E
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A GENERAL'S EXPLANATORY LETTER TO T
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2 0 OBVERSE OF NO. 3 A SHERIFFS REP
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2 4 22-23 OBUERSf AN0 REVERSE OF NO
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31 3 2 23-30 OBYERSI AND REVERSE OF
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