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Marine impacts 4.2 Managing impacts across the project life cycle This section outlines the environmental issues that, based on the review presented in Annex 1, call for special attention. Pointers are provided where further information can be found within Annexe 1. Naturally, the approach is problem and mitigation orientated in order to reduce overall effects and facilitate permitting and consenting processes. The impacts and potential entry points for reducing the impacts will vary depending on what stage of the project lifecycle the development is. <strong>For</strong> the purpose of simplification, this guidance is broken down into 4 sections. 4.2.1 Planning Main activities, e.g. • Site selection/prospecting • Planning • Design, e.g. turbine type and installation method (see Box 1: Foundation types) and consideration of, removal options (see section 4.2.4 on Decommissioning) • Licensing/permitting (including EIA: consideration of alternatives is fundamental, and a Planning Construction comparative assessment undertaken of those options deemed feasible. • Design of appropriate mitigation measures In the prospecting, planning and permitting processes, turbine type, installation methodology (e.g. piling, seabed preparations) and appropriate mitigation measures, need to be taken into careful consideration. Decisions made at the planning stage have implications for the remainder of the life cycle stages. Significant impacts can be avoided at the planning stage, minimising the need for potentially costly mitigation measures later in the project cycle. Most issues that cannot be mitigated through the design can be addressed at the early stage of spatial planning and by including conservation priorities into seascape management plans. Further, potential impacts of seismic shooting during the prospecting phase need to be taken into consideration. 16 GREENING BLUE ENERGY - Identifying and managing biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy Monitoring Operation & Maintenance 4.2.2 Construction Main activities • site preparation, dredging and levelling • piling/installation of foundation • cabling • transport (shipping) • transport (air) Main disturbance factors • noise • seabed disruption Decommission • increased activity (e.g. boat traffic)
Gravity foundations Design - Secured to the seabed by their own weight. The structures are normally built in dry docks and transported to the site. Use – Gravity foundations are in use today (e.g. Lillgrund in Sweden, Rødsand in Denmark), and are the second most common type after monopiles. Depth – Generally restricted to shallow waters (
Page 1 and 2: Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
Page 3: Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
Page 6 and 7: About the Organisations IUCN IUCN,
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements The IUCN Global Ma
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Incre
Page 13: considerations of other marine user
Page 16 and 17: Offshore wind energy overview Natio
Page 19 and 20: 3 Impact assessment This section pr
Page 21: 3.3.1 European legislation The EU E
Page 24 and 25: Key environmental issues Level of c
Page 28 and 29: Marine impacts Foundation Types (co
Page 30 and 31: Marine impacts Fishing vessel leavi
Page 32 and 33: Marine impacts Annexe 1 - see Secti
Page 34 and 35: Marine impacts a wind farm has effe
Page 36 and 37: Marine impacts Figure 4: A summary
Page 39 and 40: 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5
Page 41: 6 Additional resources While the ne
Page 44 and 45: 1 Introduction A review of potentia
Page 46 and 47: will be prohibited inside energy pa
Page 48 and 49: 2002). Vertically oriented structur
Page 50 and 51: it is certain that the wind turbine
Page 52 and 53: ous nature may, however, only arise
Page 54 and 55: the whole wind farm area itself (Ma
Page 56 and 57: adically among species (e.g. Thomse
Page 58 and 59: struction activities at multiple wi
Page 60 and 61: particular area, scientists recomme
Page 62 and 63: 7.8 Noise and avoidance by sea turt
Page 64 and 65: species such as elasmobranches and
Page 66 and 67: may fly at altitudes lower than 20
Page 68 and 69: should be pointed out that the repo
Page 70 and 71: depending on the species (Dierschke
Page 73 and 74: Annexe 2 Legislation Contents 1 EIA
Page 75 and 76: 2 Strategic Environmental Assessmen
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3 Marine Strategy Framework Directi
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Annexe 3 Brief on Wave, Tidal and C
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Figure 2: Example of wave converter
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impact of noise emissions on marine
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Pelc and Fujita (2002) raised conce
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ers. Renewable and Sustainable Ener
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Bio/consult A/S. (2000a). Horns Rev
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Edren, S.M.E., Teilman, J., Dietz,
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Wind Farm construction in harbour p
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Aquatic Sciences. 63:2603-2607 Lewi
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Peters, R.C., Lonneke, B.M., Bretsc
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cause versus effect. Oceanography a
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påverkas av ljud från vindkraft t
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