Greening Blue Energy - BioTools For Business

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About the Organisations IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org E.On Climate and Renewables (insert blurb) Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (insert blurb)
Table of Contents Acknowledgements.............................................................................. iv Executive Summary.............................................................................. v 1 Introduction 1.1 Background..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim of the guidance document...................................................... 1 1.3 Target audience..............................................................................2 1.4 How to use this document............................................................. 2 1.5 Glossary of key terms and acronyms.............................................. 3 2 Overview of offshore wind energy 2.1 Trends............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Policy drivers................................................................................. 6 2.3 Research status...............................................................................7 3 Impact assessment 3.1 Assessing impacts – the bigger picture.......................................... 9 3.2 Environmental assessment tools.................................................... 9 3.3 Legal context.................................................................................. 10 4 Impacts of offshore wind farms on the marine environment 4.1 Impact summary table................................................................... 13 4.2 Managing impacts across the project life cycle.............................. 16 4.3 Residual impacts............................................................................. 25 4.4 Cumulative impacts and synergies................................................. 25 4.5 Interactions with other marine users............................................. 26 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5.1 Strategic and Governance issues.................................................... 29 5.2 Areas of uncertainty and points to address.................................... 29 5.3 Improving use of impact assessments............................................ 30 5.4 Final conclusions............................................................................ 30 6 Additional resources......................................................................... 31 Annexe 1 Research on Impacts............................................................ 33 Annexe 2 Legislation............................................................................ 63 Annexe 3 Brief on Wave, Tidal and Current Power.............................. 69 References............................................................................................ 79 Identifying and managing biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy - GREENING BLUE ENERGY iii
Page 1 and 2: Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
Page 3: Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgements The IUCN Global Ma
Page 11 and 12: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Incre
Page 13: considerations of other marine user
Page 16 and 17: Offshore wind energy overview Natio
Page 19 and 20: 3 Impact assessment This section pr
Page 21: 3.3.1 European legislation The EU E
Page 24 and 25: Key environmental issues Level of c
Page 26 and 27: Marine impacts 4.2 Managing impacts
Page 28 and 29: Marine impacts Foundation Types (co
Page 30 and 31: Marine impacts Fishing vessel leavi
Page 32 and 33: Marine impacts Annexe 1 - see Secti
Page 34 and 35: Marine impacts a wind farm has effe
Page 36 and 37: Marine impacts Figure 4: A summary
Page 39 and 40: 5 Conclusions and recommendations 5
Page 41: 6 Additional resources While the ne
Page 44 and 45: 1 Introduction A review of potentia
Page 46 and 47: will be prohibited inside energy pa
Page 48 and 49: 2002). Vertically oriented structur
Page 50 and 51: it is certain that the wind turbine
Page 52 and 53: ous nature may, however, only arise
Page 54 and 55: the whole wind farm area itself (Ma
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adically among species (e.g. Thomse
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struction activities at multiple wi
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particular area, scientists recomme
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7.8 Noise and avoidance by sea turt
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species such as elasmobranches and
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may fly at altitudes lower than 20
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should be pointed out that the repo
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depending on the species (Dierschke
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Annexe 2 Legislation Contents 1 EIA
Page 75 and 76:
2 Strategic Environmental Assessmen
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3 Marine Strategy Framework Directi
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Annexe 3 Brief on Wave, Tidal and C
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 2: Example of wave converter
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impact of noise emissions on marine
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Pelc and Fujita (2002) raised conce
Page 87:
ers. Renewable and Sustainable Ener
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Bio/consult A/S. (2000a). Horns Rev
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Edren, S.M.E., Teilman, J., Dietz,
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Wind Farm construction in harbour p
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Aquatic Sciences. 63:2603-2607 Lewi
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Peters, R.C., Lonneke, B.M., Bretsc
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cause versus effect. Oceanography a
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påverkas av ljud från vindkraft t
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