Greening Blue Energy - BioTools For Business

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4 Other regional and global regulations Examples of regional and global regulation that will applicability to offshore wind-farms include: • London Convention (dredging, including sediment dumping) • OSPAR Convention (1992/1999) • Ramsar Convention (1971) • The Bonn Convention (1979) • ACOBANS (1992) • The convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (1971) • The European Bird Directive 79/409/EEG (Special Protection Areas (SPAs), 1979) • The European Habitat Directive • EU Natura 2000 • United Nation’s Law of Seas 68 GREENING BLUE ENERGY - Identifying and managing biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy
Annexe 3 Brief on Wave, Tidal and Current Power Dan Wilhelmsson 1,2 , Olivia Langhamer 3 , Jeremy Tchou 4 1. Division of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden, 2. IUCN Global Marine Programme, Switzerland 3. Swedish Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion, Division for Electricity, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University. 4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, USA Introduction Since the ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface and thus holds enormous energy potential (e.g Figure 1), it is natural to consider possibilities for offshore renewable energy development. Numerous technologies that use offshore locations to generate electricity have been developed or are in the research phase. These technologies include harnessing energy from the ocean such as wind, waves, tides, currents, and thermal and salinity gradients. Marine biomass as well as offshore solar energy is also being considered. A significant expansion of all aforementioned technologies is expected in the future as countries strive to balance economic development with sustainability initiatives. While offshore wind power is treated in the main document and Annexe 1, this report focuses on wave, and marine tidal and marine current energy, and briefly describes some of the potential environmental effect these systems may have. Wave and tidal projects are already being developed in several countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Taiwan, the UK and the USA. Estimates for potential energy, in particular wave energy, indicate enormous untapped sources that can be used to meet global energy demand (Table 1). Table 1: Estimated energy potential for wave and tidal technologies Technology Theoretical Estimated Global Energy Potential (TWh) (1) Tidal 300+ 2% Wave 8000-80000 42-421% (1) Energy potential is taken from the IEA-OES, Annual Report 2007. % of Global Electricity Demand (2) (2) Estimated global electricity production was taken from the CIA World Factbook for 2007 and was approximately 19000TWh. Identifying and managing biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy - GREENING BLUE ENERGY 69
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Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
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Greening Blue Energy: Identifying a
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About the Organisations IUCN IUCN,
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Acknowledgements The IUCN Global Ma
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Incre
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considerations of other marine user
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Offshore wind energy overview Natio
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3 Impact assessment This section pr
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3.3.1 European legislation The EU E
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Key environmental issues Level of c
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Marine impacts 4.2 Managing impacts
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Page 36 and 37: Marine impacts Figure 4: A summary
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Page 44 and 45: 1 Introduction A review of potentia
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Page 73 and 74: Annexe 2 Legislation Contents 1 EIA
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