JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES

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October-December 2009 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume I., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ hő, hők, etc. 10) Regret: kár, fáj, etc. 11) Skepticism: vajh, etc. 12) Enquiry: hogy, vajh, etc. 13) Allowance: hagy, etc. 14) Fret, annoyance, anger: eh, heh, etc. 15) Offering: ne, nesze, neh, etc. 16) Warning: a, e, ni, né, lá(m), etc. Beside this they do not give the definition, but use the term “temper words”: which show the inner states of humans. These words give back the sounds which human made, when he “voice out” his inner states, emotions, etc. This group is taken as a subgroup of sound imitation words. Examples of such roots: ah, áh, ám(ul), át(ok), eh, ih, un, út(ál), bár, beh, bü, fáj, för(med), hál(a), huj, jaj, saj, sany, sóh, sop, sóv, szán, ször(ny), vágy, á, isz(ony), út(ál), bán, bú, foh, ha, har, hu, kac, nyih, szen(v), vih, vid, zor(d), etc. We could see that there is quite overlap between “temper words” and “passion words”. Beside the above mentioned ones CzF give sound origin for a lot of roots, derivating it from features of the sounds constructing the roots. Sound symbolism in Hungarian language Based on the above definitions and on our practice, we prefer to distinquis the following categories: Mood “imitating” words (hangulat-, indulat- “utánzó” szavak): these words are expressing the inner states, temper, induction of humans. They are born as a sudden impulse from inner emotion, motives, etc. These words really are not imitating, but expressing; one “speaks out” his internal moods, emotions, impulses. This category is more or less in line to corporeal sound symbolism of HNO and “passion words” and “temper words” of CzF (But there are differences; concerning HNO categorisation: we do not consider here the human sounds which do not bind to any inner emotion, motive, which are only simple imitating of sounds uttered by humans e.g. köh = cough, etc. Regarding the CzF classification: we do not consider 6. urge, 9. appease 15, offering, 16. warning.) There are at least 50-70 roots in this category. Examples of roots and some words from first level of their wordbushes: Root 1 st level words English translation u un bore undor disgust utál hate ujj ujjong hoop jaj jajdul wail (once) jajgat wail (more times) jajong whine (cont.) á ámul wonder ábránd dream, fantasy álom dream áhít yearn _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2009 96
October-December 2009 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume I., Issue 4. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Root 1 st level words English translation oh óhaj wish hál hálás grateful Inducement words (indító, noszogató szavak) emerge from the stronger inner impulse, motivation of the person – similarly to mood imitating words –, but using them we would like to induce some activity: starting-, stopping them, etc. CzF consider these words as a subgroup of “temper words”. There are about 20-30 roots in this category. Examples: Root 1 st level words English translation no nosza drive on, goad noszog(at) make sy to move nógat prod hő stop hőköl make sy to stop csitt be silent csitteg tell to be silent csitít make sy silent haj start it hajt drive (animal) hajsz(a) pursuit né warning sign néz watch In few cases there is some overlap with other categories, e.g “csitt” is not only an inducement word, but sound imitator, too. We could take this pool as a special subgroup of mood imitators. Sound imitation words (hangutánzó szavak) give back as much as possible from the natural, artificial or human sounds; imitate them as closely as possible. This is the phenomenon of onomatopoeia and it is the best known and most easily understood part of the sound symbolic realm. In Hungarian there are a lot of sound imitating roots, scholars count cca. four-five hundreds, and of course all of the words in their word-bushes are sound imitation derivative. Some example of such roots and words from the first level of wordbush: Root 1 st level words English translation puf puffan whang (once) pufog puff (many times) puffaszt swell, inflate _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2009 97
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