- Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI F
- Page 3 and 4: 2.1 Blindness and visual impairment
- Page 5 and 6: 5.1 The language of audio descripti
- Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments It was May 2007 whe
- Page 9 and 10: Perhaps only in a world of the blin
- Page 11 and 12: Matamala and Rami 2009), only few r
- Page 13 and 14: etween sight and hearing in films,
- Page 15 and 16: 1. Introduction to audio descriptio
- Page 17 and 18: story is revealed. However, the act
- Page 19 and 20: audio description could be intended
- Page 21 and 22: lighting, etc. Descriptions are del
- Page 23: very important actor/actress, the d
- Page 27 and 28: to organize touch tours or similar
- Page 29 and 30: 1.3.2 Special guidelines for specia
- Page 31 and 32: prevents the audio description from
- Page 33 and 34: should evocate more than precisely
- Page 35 and 36: All guidelines in these countries a
- Page 37 and 38: speaking, the first principle of a
- Page 39 and 40: team to decide whether the credits
- Page 41 and 42: Audio description is a relatively y
- Page 43 and 44: only, 12 films were made accessible
- Page 45 and 46: description was screened for the fi
- Page 47 and 48: TV Cabo and Lusomundo Gallery start
- Page 49 and 50: Festival held yearly in Rome. The a
- Page 51 and 52: importance of training and suggests
- Page 53 and 54: commitment to regular provision of
- Page 55 and 56: homogenous group, be it because of
- Page 57 and 58: this section mainly from a geograph
- Page 59 and 60: Elizabeth Jones and Gabriela Argiro
- Page 61 and 62: in digital video collections. His a
- Page 63 and 64: description for the blind and acces
- Page 65 and 66: minimizing the risk of marginalizat
- Page 67 and 68: whose activities range from trainin
- Page 69 and 70: Adam Mickiewicz University, coordin
- Page 71 and 72: perspective, the role of the audio
- Page 73 and 74: the market in 2006. Since then, bli
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without problems. From the provider
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etween the two different tracks bro
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lind from the rest of the audience.
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most popular theatres of countries
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programme. In this case, it is not
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The European Union protects the rig
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subtitling more and more programmes
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independent, non-discriminated and
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updated information about the perce
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(e.g. the Netherlands, Poland, Swed
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the anatomical structures of sight,
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1 2 3 4 Maximum less than Minimum e
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countries, subdivided into 17 Regio
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dependent on contextual factors. In
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will also increase. In addition, et
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cataract, glaucoma and dry eye. In
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The human eye belongs to a group of
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ehaves exactly the opposite. Accord
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cornea is scarred (this condition i
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mechanisms. The consequences of POA
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Macular degeneration is the first c
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2.6 The development of visually imp
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why haptic and hearing sensations w
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„thinking spaces‟. We will see
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Presenting an object to a blind per
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This area of intersection becomes t
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places, other devices need to be co
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The first audio books were also del
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for visually impaired customers. Th
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Audio description can be seen as a
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subtitles and title bands) „trans
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great help. Indeed, they borrow the
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(original dialogue versus subtitles
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Reiss 1971) and evaluate the audio
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not prioritize or organize the way
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ultimate proof but will always rely
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translation, seems to be a controve
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with specific ideas in one country
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In the interpretive use a) thought
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of language per se. With this in mi
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their communicative needs. Maybe a
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participants. In audio description,
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unity of the film. As it can be not
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(11) In gold letters against brilli
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The film is based on the novel by T
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linguistic and semiotic choices con
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is translated into short sentences
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is strictly linked to the idea of t
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of visual images is recorded images
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transformation from images to words
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who criticized the lack of „conne
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„primary‟ or „spoken‟ visua
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Semantic refers to the way images r
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more a description or a narration?
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However, there are sentences where
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3.6.1 Audio description as a tool f
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touch and the hearing), but also to
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Drawing on these considerations and
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the “descriptive gestures” cate
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complete the transfer process the f
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description could be also extremely
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2. Original culture-specific object
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This means that an interest in audi
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on a more general level, they are b
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professional setting, one of which
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4. Audio description from a filmic
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in this differencing potential the
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articulation), it can be considered
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asic types of signs 152 : indexes,
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language of audio description is du
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Cinematographic codes 2- Codes of i
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As to the visual codes, denominatio
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perception instruments. The „form
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and researchers. However, in countr
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carries another language. In this c
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However, it is not always possible
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presence of moving objects, persons
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Level of representation: time Time
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the „spectators‟ is not limited
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screen and helps identifying where
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not only a matter of words. Indeed,
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or speak but also the settings and
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This creates the illusion that the
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epresentation. In this sense, an an
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objects. Finally, the point of view
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metalinguistic communication is the
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continuum, audio description would
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experiments based on the use of the
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is occurring on screen or on stage.
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(2000) also suggests the use of the
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Ballester Casado (forthcoming) also
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standards in audio description and
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context, „viewpoint‟ by words r
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develop a computational account of
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framework allowed by dialogues. For
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with respect to film content, and w
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far have approached their role in a
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“concerned with the experiential
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defined as a qualitative difference
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Micro-features Planning Spoken Lang
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and to be inserted in the pauses wi
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Secondly, being the audio descripti
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attributed to a traditional text ar
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dissolution and fragmentation which
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and blond hair piled elaborately on
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towards it. Drawing on these consid
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for the editing phase would be a pr
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applied to narrative as a means of
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esearch. Indeed, as we have seen, t
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attributed by the IMDb. On the IMDb
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Storyline In 1941, Italy allies wit
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Goofs Errors made by characters, po
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Title Year (P) Year Captain Corelli
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Title Year (P) Year Lady and the Tr
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Title Year (P) Year See no Evil, He
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Title Year (P) Year The Great Escap
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2006), which is based on almost the
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Ad Ac An B C Cr D F Fan H R Mu Mi T
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same quantity of scripts for each o
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In both cases, it is possible to re
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on the edge of the bed. („The Oth
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01 00 00 A sphinx is silhouetted ag
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protected by copyright and any broa
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01 01 52 An image appears from the
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Title number: 3 In Cue Time(HH MM S
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time out codes are assigned to each
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![CDATA[10.00.01 a blue letter M pa
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analysis would fall beyond the scop
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Firstly, to make the scripts proces
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From IN From The DT The Dark JJ Dar
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component of the Corpus Workbench d
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clothes_NNS_clothes ._SENT_. bearde
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corpora no. 2, 3 and 4 for differen
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From a more informational/semantic
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Peripheral adjectives do not have o
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than the expression of a property o
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adjectives in almost all the script
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11 Open Adjective Frequency 289 12
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Adjective Frequency 49 Light 66 50
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Adjective Frequency 87 Shadowy 33 8
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to the movies which deal with speci
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limited (two hits only) 219 . The a
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of an object/entity (as in „his o
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wall‟, „the other side of the r
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Adjective Noun Frequency 7 Blue Sky
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Adjective Noun Frequency 45 Slight
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Adjective Noun Frequency 83 Small B
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identify. In our corpus, colour adj
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Within the „non-human‟ category
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5.5.3.1.4 Predicative adjectives in
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Adjective Frequency 20 Dark 14 21 R
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Adjective Frequency 58 Bright 3 59
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such as „thoughtful‟, „confus
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corpus under investigation (they ar
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5.5.3.1.5 Comparing the corpus with
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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Adjective Token 2 Token 1 Pm 2 Pm 1
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whole corpus. For this reason, all
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Adjective Token 1 Token 2 Token 3 P
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Adjective Token 1 Token 2 Token 3 P
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Adjective Token 1 Token 2 Token 3 P
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As shown in Table 12, the highest n
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Adjective Frequency Smartly-dressed
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number of adjectives with „unknow
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As we have seen from this analysis,
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Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Frequency L
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Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Frequency H
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Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Frequency B
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Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Frequency O
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Adjective 1 Adjective 2 Frequency T
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shirt is undone, his tie loosely kn
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the sky turns red, pink and orange.
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the hearer/receiver to make less co
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Adjective Frequency Tighter 5 Large
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The corpus does not present a signi
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Hot‟). Curiously, examples (91) a
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examples: 4. „Adjective+Enough+To
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vocabulary. Avoid metaphors, simile
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which are figures of speech easier
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Subject Simile Film Title An ovirap
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Subject Simile Film Title (..) the
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Subject Simile Film Title Kida stan
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Subject Simile Film Title (…) Her
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Subject Simile Film Title He swings
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animation and children films toward
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actions/thoughts with other actions
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„As if+Adjective/Verb(-ing)‟ st
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suggest that the character has unde
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a. Human body parts and appearance.
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Conclusions Audio description is a
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verify and discuss the existing gui
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documentaries). We have also seen t
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impaired people can hear better or
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the very notion of faithfulness and
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enders an inaccurate picture of the
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However, adjectives themselves are
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a. Human and body-related referents
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into account their different needs
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adult spectators as well as the use
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Antifona, Cinzia 2002. L‟audiodes
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Barber, Charles L. 1962. Some Measu
- Page 487 and 488:
Bollettieri Bosinelli, Rosa M. 2002
- Page 489 and 490:
Cabré, Maria Teresa 1998. Terminol
- Page 491 and 492:
Cresswell, Max 1975. The Semantics
- Page 493 and 494:
Ferris, Connor 1993. The Meaning of
- Page 495 and 496:
Gottlieb, Henrik 2005. Multidimensi
- Page 497 and 498:
Holt, Michele / Jordan, James 2008.
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Kerr, Hugh 1991. The Simpe Gospel.
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Lukács, Georg 1970. Narrate or Des
- Page 503 and 504:
Navarrete, Javier 1999. La atenció
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Palomo, Alicia 2008. Audio Descript
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social skills by blind and visually
- Page 509 and 510:
Audio Description for Visually Impa
- Page 511 and 512:
Smith, Kevin G. 2000. Bible transla
- Page 513 and 514:
description and signing. Tomatis,
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Vermeer, Hans. J. 1978. Ein Rahem f
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Sitography 255 All About Vision Am
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Direct Government UK Disability Wo
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Media Access Group at WGBH Nationa
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UK Film Council Statistical Yearboo
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Filmography A Ferreirinha, Radiotel
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Annex 1 AntConc 3.2.1 Concordance P
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Fig. 4. Concordances of „straight
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Fig. 7. Concordances of „last‟
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Fig. 11. Concordances of „own‟
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Fig. 14. Concordances of „unable
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Fig. 18. Concordances of „visible
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539