Haiti: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper; IMF Country Report 08/115 ...

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Department 1 Extremely low Table 4 Access to Social Services by Department Level of access to basic social services/number of municipalities 2 Very low 24 3 Low 4 Fairly low 5 Not very low Artibonite 2 8 4 1 15 Center 5 5 1 1 12 Grande Anse 10 5 3 18 North 1 2 11 5 19 North East 1 1 5 5 1 13 North West 1 5 4 10 West 1 4 5 7 1 18 South 1 2 13 2 18 South East 2 5 2 1 10 Total 14 37 51 29 2 133 Source: 2004 version of the poverty map 45 Several health indicators reflect the acute problem with health care access. Trained medical staff assist with only 24 percent of births, a factor that in large measure explains the high maternal mortality rate. Infant mortality has declined significantly but remains high. The risk of dying before age 5 is 86 percent. Acute respiratory infections (colds, pneumonia), malnutrition, and infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis are among the mains causes of infant deaths. 46 Despite the implementation of an expanded vaccination program, only 41 percent of children between the ages of 12 and 23 have been fully vaccinated (against 34 percent in 2000), and 11 percent have not received any vaccinations at all. This coverage differs by area. It is higher in the secondary cities (48 percent) than in the metropolitan area (41 percent) and rural areas (40 percent). In the 5 to 14 age group, mortality and morbidity rates have fallen. However, infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, and malaria, along with respiratory infections, pose the biggest problem. For young people, sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies are major areas of concern. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is clearly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Poverty increases the risk of infection given that the poor, in particular women, are more vulnerable. 47 Health problems are compounded by inadequate drinking water coverage, although some improvement is being made in this area. Coverage rates are estimated at 54 percent for Port-au- Prince, 46 percent in secondary cities, and 46 percent in rural areas. Drinking water systems put in place in rural areas in the 1980s are deteriorating owing to a lack of maintenance. Table 5 Coverage of Water and Sanitation needs Coverage of water needs Coverage of sewage needs Port-au-Prince 54% Other cities 46% 46% Rural areas 48% 23% Source: PAHO/WHO Total
Growth, Poverty, and Inequality CHAPTER 3 The Poverty and Inequality Situation between 1986 and 2006 48 Between 1987 and 2000, poverty dipped slightly while inequality increased. The decline in the incidence of poverty from 55.5 percent to 50.56 percent was accompanied by a smaller reduction in the severity and depth of poverty. The more marked nature of inequality became a critical factor in poverty reduction in 2000 relative to 1987, owing largely to the rise in inequality. Heightened inequality between 1987 and 2000 dampened the positive effect of the increase in average consumption. While the increase in average consumption is projected to have led to a 12.79 percent increase in poverty, inequality increased by 6.7 percent; consequently, the net impact on the incidence of poverty was only 4.96 percent, allowing for the negative effect of unidentified residual factors. 49 It is a fact that growth promotion is a guaranteed way to reduce poverty. However, tackling redistribution also is twice as efficient as a growth policy only, if the situation of the most disadvantaged is to be improved. A sustainable poverty reduction strategy should focus on both growth and proactive equity policies. The Driving Factors of Poverty in Haiti 50 Poverty, monetary inequality, and living conditions are closely associated with unequal opportunities in terms of access to resources and such benefits as credit, infrastructure, social capital, and education. Haiti's system of values, the low level of basic social services, poor housing conditions, actual poverty traps, the inability to participate in and guide public decisions, and the lack of social networks for the poorest are all factors that contribute to poverty and inequality. This situation is also the result of public policies that affect redistribution and guide the development and allocation of resources. In Haiti, poverty is essentially tied to a historical process of building political power and organizing the economy around the interests of a minority. Income and Asset Distribution 51 Poverty is essentially linked to the unavailability and underutilization of assets, particularly education, labor, physical capital, credit, social capital, and basic services. The marginal benefit of education is, however, greater in the urban setting, more so in secondary cities than in the metropolitan area, which points to disparities in the conditions and opportunities for using capacities, particularly available socioeconomic infrastructures, markets, and access to credit. Income distribution is often linked to the distribution of assets. 52 Analysis of the situation relative to the main factors: work, education, capital, and socioeconomic infrastructures (electricity, communication routes, running water) support the view that the root causes of poverty and inequality lie essentially in the lack of opportunities, unequal distribution of assets, and constraints related to their use. Structural Changes and Poverty 53 Trends in poverty are linked to structural changes that have accompanied growth/decline cycles and restructuring of the Haitian economy. Policy weaknesses and shortcomings also play a role. The structural reforms undertaken since the early 1980s have not adequately measured their impact on distribution and the structural constraints of the economy. Liberalization and deregulation policies implemented have rarely been followed up by initiatives to strengthen the supply area. 25
Page 1: © 2008 International Monetary Fund
Page 5 and 6: Foreword by the Prime Minister Exec
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ABD Budgetary
Page 9 and 10: PRIME MINISTER'S FOREWORD The Growt
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approximately 14 percent of GDP. Th
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strengthen the mechanisms for signa
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ii. The bulk of the additional reso
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CHAPTER 10 Strategy Financing, Impl
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2. MONITORING AND IMPLEMENTATION In
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performance indicators, and with pr
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CONTENTS 1. Schema of Overall Plann
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MATRIX OF OBJECTIVES/SUMMARY OF ACT
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2.- TOURISM OBJECTIVES 2007-2010 PA
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PILLAR 2: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - PRIOR
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PILLAR 3: DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE - P
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TARGETED AND CROSS-CUTTING POLICIES
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5.- CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION OBJEC
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SUMMARY PILLAR 1: GROWTH VECTORS 78
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ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS TABLES
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Summary of Central Administration F
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Monetary Survey Projections (in mil
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PILLAR PILLAR 1: GROWTH VECTORS AGR
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SCHEMA OF INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK F
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MONITORING INDICATORS TABLES
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Substantially rebuild the human cap
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Decentralization % of public expend
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HAITI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND POVERTY
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MJSP HAITI. NATIONAL GROWTH AND POV
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HAITI- NATIONAL GROWTH AND POVERTY
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MCFDF MSPP MCFDF HAITI- NATIONAL GR
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NATIONAL STRATEGY DOCUMENT FOR GROW
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D. DEBT AND CASH MANAGEMENT NATIONA
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Objective Actions 4. Gradually inte
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OBJECTIVES 1. STRENGTHEN THE LINKAG
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OBJECTIVES 3.- IMPROVE THE TRANSPAR
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OBJECTIVES 5.- EVALUATE THE IMPACT
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