CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY Eleni Anthippi Chatzimichali ...

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extremely powerful since it grants the users the ability to construct graphics precisely tailored to their needs rather than using a set of pre-defined plots. The majority of graphs presented in this PhD are solely based on the ggplot2 package; the functionality of the package has been customised in order to highlight the results and the outcome along every step of the multivariate analysis pipeline. The generated graphs cover a wide range of different plots, from simple scatterplots to histograms and barplots with complex layouts, among others. The ggplot2 package was also applied as a means of highlighting the density of points in a two-dimensional scatterplot. A similar functionality is also provided for the basic plot() function by the KernSmooth package (Wand et al., 2011). In this instance, the scatter plots are enhanced with smoothed colour density representation based on the algorithm by Wand and Jones (Wand et al., 1995). Finally, the ellipse package was utilised to generate two-dimensional scatterplots with 95% confidence ellipses for each distinct input class. The methods were used to provide PC scores plots that convey more information than the simple scatter plots normally used. 173
Figure 6-2 Construction process of a ggplot2 graph – the layered grammar approach The figure depicts the construction process of a graph by the ggplot2 package. Each square in the figure stands for a single layer; a layer is formed by the combination of data, mappings, statistical information and the geometric object (geom), which controls the type of graph to be plotted. A plot may contain multiple layers; in this figure, the plot consists of three distinct layers and three panels. The components that usually make up a ggplot2 plot include the data, the mappings from variables to aesthetics, scales, coordinate and facet specifications, layers of annotations and geometric objects (geoms), among others. The figure has been extracted from Wickham (2009). 174
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY Eleni Anthippi
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ABSTRACT Muscle foods such as meat,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
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6.2.4 The iWebPlots package .......
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Figure 3-12 Speedup produced by the
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Figure 6-9 Sweave example for the d
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TABLE OF EQUATIONS Equation 1 Mean-
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RMSE RMSECV SSE SVD SVMs SYMBIOSIS-
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Figure 1-1 Evolution from molecular
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1.1.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared
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1.1.3 Microbial Spoilage in Meat Sy
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The multivariate techniques applied
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1.4 Multivariate Analysis: Unsuperv
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1.4.2 Cluster Analysis Cluster anal
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1.5 Multivariate Analysis: Supervis
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In any linearly separable binary da
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Where ( ) are the Lagrange multipli
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Every kernel is characterised by a
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The “one-against-all” approach
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Furthermore, metrics such as the bi
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1.6.3 Leave-One-Out Cross-Validatio
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In such cases, the model becomes qu
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1.8 Aims and objectives The overall
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2 Development of the multivariate a
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Sensory panel scores were of the hi
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DF (Hz) 2.2.1.5 Electronic Nose (e-
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Figure 2-3 Data intersection The fi
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3. Validation Techniques In the cas
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Figure 2-4 The process of construct
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2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Pr
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(b) HPLC data (c) e-nose data Figur
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In the case of FTIR, linear classif
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2.3.2.2 Class Prediction Accuracies
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Figure 2-7 Class prediction rates o
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The topology of the three-dimension
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Figure 2-9 Three-dimensional error
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Furthermore, a thorough comparison
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In the master/slave architecture, a
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precision of the classification acc
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Figure 3-3 The steps of the Nelder-
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3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Li
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3.3.2 Nonlinear Models In order to
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9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) Figu
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As an additional visual aid, these
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a) Number of iterations b) Number o
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Figure 3-10 Comparison of the execu
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Figure 3-12 Speedup produced by the
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4 Integration of Heterogeneous Data
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4.2.2 Procrustes Analysis Procruste
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symmetric method since the ordering
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Figure 4-3 Steps of CPCA for the da
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4.2.5 Data Integration and Analysis
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Figure 4-4 Data integration workflo
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a) GPA b) CPCA Figure 4-6 The conse
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accuracies as the linear models; po
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Figure 4-8 Classification Results f
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Similar to FTIR, the PLS-DA ensembl
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Figure 4-9 Class prediction rates o
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4.3.3 Permutation Tests Even though
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Even though the interpretation of t
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Figure 4-12 Distribution plots of t
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RBF SVMs Datasets Original %CC Mean
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Figure 4-14 Boxplots representing t
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5 Application of the multivariate a
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Figure 5-1 Mean FTIR spectra for ca
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5.2.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared
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5.2.2.4 Data Overview For each expe
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5.2.3.3 High Throughput Liquid Chro
Page 137 and 138: Figure 5-5 displays the PCA scores
Page 139 and 140: (a) GPA (b) CPCA Figure 5-6 The con
Page 141 and 142: observation confirms that indeed CP
Page 143 and 144: Figure 5-8 Class prediction rates o
Page 145 and 146: (a) RBF SVMs (b) PLS-DA Figure 5-9
Page 147 and 148: RBF SVMs Datasets Original %CC Mean
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5-12 Execution times of the
Page 151 and 152: (a) FTIR data (b) Raman data Figure
Page 153 and 154: The classification results for the
Page 155 and 156: Figure 5-16 Class prediction rates
Page 157 and 158: (a) RBF SVMs (b) PLS-DA Figure 5-17
Page 161 and 162: Figure 5-20 Execution times of the
Page 163 and 164: (a) FTIR data (b) HPLC data 148
Page 165 and 166: (a) GPA (b) CPCA Figure 5-22 The co
Page 167 and 168: The classification results of the f
Page 169 and 170: Figure 5-24 Classification Results
Page 171 and 172: Figure 5-25 Class prediction rates
Page 173 and 174: The permutation results for the dat
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-28 Distribution plots of t
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-30 Boxplots representing t
Page 181 and 182: 5.4 Comparison of the individual ca
Page 183 and 184: Figure 5-32 Investigating the commo
Page 185 and 186: 6 Development of improved visualisa
Page 187: 6.2.2 Generating static graphs As d
Page 191 and 192: 6.2.2.2 Generating dynamic reports
Page 193 and 194: activity, while simultaneously the
Page 195 and 196: or disappeared (Wang et al., 2008).
Page 197 and 198: ectangles, circles and/or irregular
Page 199 and 200: In addition to the static figures g
Page 201 and 202: c) graphics package d) ggplot2 pack
Page 203 and 204: In addition to aesthetics, faceting
Page 205 and 206: Datasets FTIR HPLC e-nose PLS-DA (L
Page 207 and 208: Figure 6-10 Interactive dendrogram
Page 209 and 210: 6.4 Conclusion The work reported in
Page 211 and 212: large number of individual models i
Page 213 and 214: The generated suite of tools, as pr
Page 215 and 216: In addition, the difficulty to corr
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES Almeida, J. A. S., Barbo
Page 219 and 220: Processing., Proceedings of the 12t
Page 221 and 222: Clarke, B., Fokoué, E. and Zhang,
Page 223 and 224: spectroscopy and machine learning",
Page 225 and 226: Gower, J. C. (1975), "Generalized p
Page 227 and 228: Jardon, M. (2006), Systems Biology:
Page 229 and 230: Nicolaou, N., Xu, Y. and Goodacre,
Page 231 and 232: Shah, A. A., Barthel, D., Lukasiak,
Page 233 and 234: Vera, G., Jansen, R. and Suppi, R.
Page 235: Xu, Y. and Goodacre, R. (2012), "Mu
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