design and implementation of thyristor switched shunt capacitors a ...

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1.1 General structure of TSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 2.1 Various configuration of Thyristor Switched Capacitor Circuit (a) Delta Connection, (b) Wye Connection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 2.2 Representation of an ideal TSC branch. Each phase may include more than one thyristor/capacitor combination to increase the reactive power variation. The number of branches depends on the reactive power required. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 2.3 Alternative Arrangement of TSC: Delta Connected Capacitor Banks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 2.4 The limits defined by EPDK for directly connected clients and distribution companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 2.5 Operating V − I area of a single TSC [6]. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 2.6 Frequency diagram of a 3φ power system consisting of 300 MVA power supply, 1 MVA 34.5/1 kV Transformer (U k = 5.2%), 160 kVAr 5 th harmonic filter. 1 A is injected to the system as a harmonic source on the load side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 2.7 The frequency characteristics of several harmonic filters connected in parallel. The system structure is the same as Figure 2.6 except that the filters are tuned to the harmonic frequencies this time. 20 Figure 2.8 The frequency characteristics of 5 th harmonic filters connected in parallel. The system structure is the same as Figure 2.6 except that the filters are tuned to 5 th harmonic frequency. . . . . . . . . . 21 xii
Figure 2.9 (a) Equivalent circuit representation of an electrical system and phasor diagrams (b) without compensator, (c) with compensator for zero voltage difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 2.10 The illustration of inrush current paths drawn by the stage turned on lastly. The rest of the stages are already conducting and charged to the supply voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 2.11 Single phase representation of TSC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 2.12 Amplitude of oscillatory current component - thyristors gated when v = V co , [35]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 2.13 The behavior of an ideal TSC. Capacitors are initially charged. 32 Figure 2.14 The behavior of a practical TSC. Capacitors are initially discharged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Figure 2.15 (a) Single line system diagram of TCR and TSC connected in parallel. (b) 3φ Circuit representation of TCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 2.16 The V − I characteristics of TSC and TCR combination, [6] 38 Figure 2.17 Power generation capability of TSC and TCR for optimum system performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 2.18 (a) Single line system diagram of STATCOM and TSC connected in parallel, (b) 3φ Circuit representation of VSC based STAT- COM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 2.19 The V −I characteristics of TSC and STATCOM combination, [6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 2.20 Power generation capability of TSC and CSC based STAT- COM for optimum system performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 2.21 (a) Single line system diagram of APF and TSC connected in parallel. (b) 3φ Circuit representation of APF. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 3.1 Load Characteristics of excavators in Orhaneli, Bursa. . . . . 47 Figure 3.2 Voltage variation during switch-off process. . . . . . . . . . . 50 Figure 3.3 Discharge resistor connection diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 xiii
Page 1 and 2: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THYRIS
Page 3 and 4: I hereby declare that all informati
Page 5 and 6: ÖZ TRİSTÖR ANAHTARLAMALI ŞÖNT
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to exp
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 Switching Performance of TSC .
Page 11: LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1.1 Cur
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4.8 Resultant line-to-line v
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4.38 3 Phase current wavefor
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Power Qu
Page 21 and 22: this disturbance since they do not
Page 23 and 24: driving algorithm and it has to wit
Page 25 and 26: how to improve the transient respon
Page 27 and 28: From the practical view, the less t
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND PR
Page 31 and 32: as switching devices instead of ant
Page 33 and 34: Directly Connected Clients 35 33 30
Page 35 and 36: 2.2.2 Harmonic Filtration A pure si
Page 37 and 38: components dramatically. The follow
Page 39 and 40: 20A 20A 15A 15A Line Current 10A Li
Page 41 and 42: VS RS XS VL Source Load IL Ic Compe
Page 43 and 44: a couple of cycles. However, at lea
Page 45 and 46: i + + VT - T1 T2 V + VC - L C Figur
Page 47 and 48: 2.15 shows that there are some comp
Page 49 and 50: waveform directly follows the sourc
Page 51 and 52: is known as copper loss of the tran
Page 53 and 54: components parallel to the thyristo
Page 55 and 56: Ls Coupling Transformer V TCR TSC L
Page 57 and 58: +1.0 Reactive Power, Q (pu) Inducti
Page 59 and 60: V V max V max = voltage limit I Cma
Page 61 and 62: power system. Voltage source conver
Page 63 and 64:
timing of switching must be when th
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Table 3.1: Type of the excavators a
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3.3 Selection Criterion of Capacito
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minutes should be given to self-dis
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possible in order to achieve a tran
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advantage. It is not affected by th
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(a) (b) Figure 3.7: PSCAD model of
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this value is at least twice of the
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of the reverse recovery current and
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curve in its datasheet should be ta
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Figure 3.13: The current distributi
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stays in inductive or capacitive re
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”ENB A, ENB B and ENB C” are co
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3.7 Key Points in Design of TSC Cab
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chapter, some basic calculations to
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CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4.1
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(a) Contactor Switched Plain Capaci
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ated capacitor current. This inrush
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current. Line-to-line voltage is al
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(a) Three phase current waveform at
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4.2.2 Contactor Switched Shunt Filt
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to high inrush current causes a con
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(a) Voltage Waveform across the cap
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This transient has also negligible
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(a) Three phase current waveform at
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Figure 4.17: Resultant 3φ Capacito
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Figure 4.21: Resultant line-to-line
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Figure 4.24: Firing pulses, voltage
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566 uF 2x6.0 MVA TM 34.5 kV 500 / 5
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Experimental results will be presen
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+1.6 +0.66 Thyristor Voltage (kV) -
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+1.5 +1.0 Capacitor Voltage (kV) +0
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+1.5 +1.0 Capacitor Voltage (kV) +0
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increase in current can be approxim
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would be given to the supply voltag
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250 1 cycle transient fft 200 I Pha
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4.4 TSC Cabinet Interior Equipment
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4.5 Discussion In contactor or thyr
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• Delta-connected TSC topology is
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[13] Tabandeh, M., Alavi, M.H., Mar
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[38] Bilgin, H.F., “Design and Im
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Since the roots of this equation ar
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APPENDIX B DISTINCTIVE CURVES OF TH
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135 Figure B.2: Stored charge and r
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APPENDIX C DETAILS OF THE CONTROL C
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139 Figure C.2: P-CAD 2002 Schemati
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Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
147 Figure C.10: P-CAD 2002 Schemat
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149 Figure D.1: General view of the
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APPENDIX E APPLICATION MODEL OF THE
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153 Figure E.2: 3 dimensional plot
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155 Figure F.1: Installed SVC syste
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157 Figure F.3: Installed SVC syste
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