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In addition to time spent in federal prison after conviction, non-citizens charged with<br />
illegal entry or reentry are also detained pre-conviction because <strong>the</strong>y are ineligible to<br />
receive bond while awaiting <strong>the</strong> conclusion of <strong>the</strong>ir case. Pre-trial detention of non-citizens<br />
for immigration offenses increased 664 percent from 1995 to 2010, and thus is <strong>the</strong> primary<br />
factor in <strong>the</strong> doubling of pre-trial detainees in <strong>the</strong> federal system from 1995 to 2010. 209 A<br />
September 2012 <strong>report</strong> examining both pre- and post-conviction incarceration calculated<br />
that in fiscal year 2011, <strong>the</strong> US government spent over $1 billion incarcerating individuals<br />
convicted of illegal entry and reentry. 210<br />
Many non-citizens held in pre-trial detention or serving sentences for illegal entry or<br />
reentry are held in private prisons. The Associated Press <strong>report</strong>ed in 2012 that <strong>the</strong> Federal<br />
209 US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Pretrial Detention and Misconduct in<br />
Federal District Courts, 1995-2010,” February 2013, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pdmfdc9510.pdf (accessed April<br />
26, 2013). In 2000, immigration defendants comprised 22 percent of suspects in US Marshals custody. By 2010, <strong>the</strong>y made<br />
up nearly half (46 percent) of suspects booked by US Marshals.<br />
210 Alistair Graham Robertson et al., Grassroots Leadership, “Costs and Consequences,” September 2012,<br />
http://grassrootsleadership.org/sites/default/files/uploads/GRL_Sept2012_Report-final.pdf (accessed April 26, 2013).<br />
TURNING MIGRANTS INTO CRIMINALS 74