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SYMMETRIES in PHYSICS

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Symmetry and Groups: Historical Aspects<br />

Symmetry <strong>in</strong> Physics: A Short History<br />

Group Theory: First Concepts<br />

The Idea and Some Properties of Permutations<br />

Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813)<br />

J. L. Lagrange<br />

A. Lagrange studied (among many other th<strong>in</strong>gs)<br />

algebraic equations<br />

B. He <strong>in</strong>troduced the notion of permutations <strong>in</strong><br />

relation to solutions of these equations ...<br />

C. ... however, he did not develop it further - this<br />

will come only later ...<br />

Dur<strong>in</strong>g the years 1772-1785 Lagrange created a series of memoirs about<br />

’Differential Equations’, he developed calculus of variations; <strong>in</strong> 1788 he<br />

published his ’Mécanique analytique’ <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the ’Multiplier method’<br />

Jerzy DUDEK<br />

<strong>SYMMETRIES</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>PHYSICS</strong>

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