Habi-35 Quest for partners in research on Multifunctional - Iiinstitute.nl

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knowledge which is made available to those directly <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the projects and can be accessed by the wider professional community via publications and knowledge banks. This approach was developed follow<strong>in</strong>g an evaluation of the federal policy programme on Nutzungsmischung (Mixed use of space), which ran <strong>for</strong> 10 years. The evaluation (1999) revealed that mixed use cannot be dictated from above; local parties themselves have to recognize the value of mixed use development. This <strong>for</strong>m of participatory evaluation <strong>research</strong> should also be adopted <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands. The German case studies are highly focused on implementation and the application of results. The evaluation of the Nutzungsmischung policy also showed that besides the <strong>in</strong>volvement of the real estate companies and the <strong>in</strong>vestors, <strong>in</strong>volvement of the media is essential <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g multiple and <strong>in</strong>tensive use of space. Lessons from France The central aim of French plann<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g land use plann<strong>in</strong>g, is ‘la cohesion sociale’ – the social cohesion or <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>in</strong> a territorial perspective of the region. With this aim <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, a new legal framework has been created that decentralizes spatial plann<strong>in</strong>g from the national to the regional adm<strong>in</strong>istrative level. This places a heavy burden on regional and <strong>in</strong>ter-municipal cooperation. Central government takes the responsibility <strong>for</strong> the plann<strong>in</strong>g and implementation of large-scale urban renewal projects of national importance. This ‘steer<strong>in</strong>g model’ is comparable with that <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands, but the French central government <strong>in</strong>terprets its role very differently from the Dutch central government. This is expressed most clearly <strong>in</strong> the direct and f<strong>in</strong>ancial <strong>in</strong>volvement of central government <strong>in</strong> project implementation, especially public transport projects such as the high speed railway network and the associated development of <strong>in</strong>ternational stations and surround<strong>in</strong>g areas. The crucial importance the French government attaches to l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g the ma<strong>in</strong> urban centres <strong>in</strong>to the European transport network is a valuable example worth follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands. Mak<strong>in</strong>g this a priority has been shown to provide a considerable boost to the creation of multiple and <strong>in</strong>tensive land use options <strong>in</strong> these urban locations <strong>in</strong> France. Lessons from Hong Kong The geographical location and morphological features of Hong Kong are such that any new development has to be high-rise. Hong Kong is a demonstration area that offers opportunities to observe how the multiple and <strong>in</strong>tensive use of space is expressed <strong>in</strong> its most extreme <strong>for</strong>ms. It allows us to observe where the critical boundaries lie and the types of compensation or conditions that can be created with respect to build<strong>in</strong>g and manag<strong>in</strong>g property to create urban efficiency and an acceptable spatial quality. In Hong Kong private <strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> offices, apartments and retail are <strong>in</strong>tegrated with public <strong>in</strong>vestments <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>frastructure and social hous<strong>in</strong>g. Phas<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>vestments is crucial. First comes public <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong> a subway. Hous<strong>in</strong>g corporations are then start<strong>in</strong>g to build at a certa<strong>in</strong> distance of the subway station, as agreed with the authorities and fitt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the land use plan. Then follows more luxury hous<strong>in</strong>g projects very near the station and (also by private <strong>in</strong>vestors) shopp<strong>in</strong>g malls, golf clubs and park<strong>in</strong>g garages, all near the station, but at different levels. This implies that a variety of owners build at a range of layers, from bottom to top: subway, shopp<strong>in</strong>g, park<strong>in</strong>g, public and private (collective) open space and hous<strong>in</strong>g. The spatial <strong>in</strong>tegrator is called 'podium'. It is a connector of functions (private and public) <strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>m of public space. Large <strong>in</strong>vestors and developers care about the implementation of spatial quality. The 'podium' concept is seen as an asset to their property. Hong Kong sets the example of how to devise the different roles of (local) government and private <strong>in</strong>vestors. The plann<strong>in</strong>g doctr<strong>in</strong>e can be realized because the municipality is susta<strong>in</strong>ably clear <strong>in</strong> its aim, goals and f<strong>in</strong>ancial schemes, and ways to allocate (a limited amount of) money strategically with the aim to mobilize market <strong>for</strong>ces at the right moment towards a clearly envisaged goal. This <strong>for</strong>m of public-private <strong>partners</strong>hip, and well-determ<strong>in</strong>ed division of roles, is someth<strong>in</strong>g that could be copied abroad, especially at the level of <strong>in</strong>tegrated large urban projects, where multiple use and compactness is the device The ma<strong>in</strong> lesson to be learned is that clever and well attuned phas<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>vestments by different parties is crucial <strong>for</strong> a well function<strong>in</strong>g MILU-system. MILU is propelled by the public authorities, which <strong>in</strong>vest at the start <strong>in</strong> essential physical <strong>in</strong>frastructure and a feasible land use plan. Expert Meet<strong>in</strong>g page 4
Topics <strong>for</strong> jo<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>research</strong> Recommendations <strong>for</strong> collaborative <strong>research</strong> with the Netherlands are presented below. These may <strong>in</strong>volve <strong>partners</strong> from one or more of the countries represented at the meet<strong>in</strong>g. Research topics Partner The issue of geographical scale. A comparison of different models of regional government and regional plann<strong>in</strong>g competences <strong>for</strong> balanc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tensive and extensive <strong>for</strong>ms of development. What is the appropriate scale <strong>for</strong> identify<strong>in</strong>g and measur<strong>in</strong>g mixed use/multiple use from neighbourhood till region (e.g. commut<strong>in</strong>g distances/metropolitan areas, districts, neighbourhoods, streets)? How does regional morphology affect the prospects <strong>for</strong> MILU? A comparison of Hong Kong and the Delta Metropolis <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands. The use of regional development scenarios as a strategy to obta<strong>in</strong> better <strong>in</strong>tegration of municipal development plann<strong>in</strong>g and prov<strong>in</strong>cial structure plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands. The use of regional and metropolitan public transport systems as drivers <strong>for</strong> the development of compact city nodes. The strategic location of transport <strong>in</strong>frastructure (public sector) as a catalyst <strong>for</strong> private sector/PPP development. The similarities and differences between France and Hong Kong, and what can be learned with reference to urban network development <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands. How can the ‘technology’ of mixed-use development, urban design and architectural solutions be managed at the local scale? The use of best practices as a driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> the promotion and uptake of New Urbanism and Smart Growth. An exam<strong>in</strong>ation of the pros and cons of a decentralization of plann<strong>in</strong>g competences backed by operational and practical guidel<strong>in</strong>es. Would a ‘legislative guidebook’ be of value <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands? Exploration of the cultural and psychological dimension of <strong>in</strong>tensive <strong>for</strong>ms of development (and the <strong>for</strong>ces that tend to oppose it). What are the social mechanisms that make it work? What are the conditions required <strong>for</strong> the successful <strong>in</strong>tegration of <strong>in</strong>dustrial/bus<strong>in</strong>ess and residential uses? How can bus<strong>in</strong>ess/<strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong>terests be resolved with the Longer-term physical and social lead times <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g mixed-use developments? How can the problem of an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> the price of land and real estate <strong>in</strong> compact developments be overcome? Methods of promot<strong>in</strong>g/market<strong>in</strong>g MILU to the relevant actors and the general public. E.g. publiciz<strong>in</strong>g the alarm<strong>in</strong>g consequences of sprawl and good examples of compact/mixed use development via the mass media and <strong>in</strong>ternet. The potential role of regional bus<strong>in</strong>ess coalitions as a driv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>for</strong> MILU development. France, Germany, Hong Kong, USA Hong Kong USA France, Hong Kong USA France Germany Hong Kong, USA France, Germany France, Germany, Hong Kong Germany, USA USA Participatory and negotiative plann<strong>in</strong>g and MILU. What are the appropriate process conditions? An <strong>in</strong>vestigation of the underly<strong>in</strong>g social mechanisms that lead various social groups to support, use and live <strong>in</strong> MILU environments. Identification of the sectoral (e.g. environmental, plann<strong>in</strong>g) policies and regulations that obstruct mixed use developments and how these can be USA France, Germany, Hong Kong, USA Germany, USA Expert Meet<strong>in</strong>g page 5
Page 1 and 2: PRO194-S 03.007 0025 Expert Meet<st
Page 3 and 4: A Quest fo
Page 5: 1 Summary of find<
Page 9 and 10: Bibliography - Give space to knowle
Page 11 and 12: 1. Intensifying th
Page 13 and 14: includin</
Page 15 and 16: 3. Talking Smart <
Page 17 and 18: From a habitat perspective, <strong
Page 19 and 20: evolution alive, and represents the
Page 21 and 22: structure of land use governance at
Page 23 and 24: Kahn, Matthew E., 2000, The Environ
Page 25 and 26: 4. Co-referee and discussion on the
Page 27 and 28: In the late 19 th century Ford’s
Page 29 and 30: At the same time as the New Urbanis
Page 31 and 32: The potential for
Page 35 and 36: 7. Smart investmen
Page 37 and 38: 8. Mixed land use in</stron
Page 39 and 40: Multiple Intensive Land Use <strong
Page 41 and 42: investments is del
Page 45 and 46: 10. Application-oriented re
Page 47 and 48: 11. A case study of MILU in
Page 49 and 50: The author of the book ‘Hong Kong
Page 51 and 52: Stage 3 What followed and flourishe
Page 53 and 54: uildings, and ther
Page 55 and 56: developed countries (1999) as well
Page 57 and 58:
4. Mr. Patrick Sit, Assistant Gener
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Diagram 1 Comparison on the GPD per
Page 61 and 62:
12. Co-referee and discussion on th
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13. High-level qualities Report of
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14. MILU in France
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The idea of a local plan from 1967
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urbanise and natural land. This doc
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15. Co-referee and discussion on th
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In drawing lessons
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16. Reflections on mobility and <st
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17. Application for</strong
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Research topics Partner The use of
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1100 17th St., NW, 10th Floor Wash<
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19. Epilogue In his closin<
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Key issues for com
Page 87 and 88:
distributed throughout the region t
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Appendix B Participants MILU EXPERT
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Habi-35 Quest for partners in research on Multifunctional - Iiinstitute.nl

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