Proceedings of the fifth mountain lion workshop: 27

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52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH MOUNTAIN LION WORKSHOP Population Density per Km2 Less than 2 2.1 - 10.0 10.1 - 25.0 25.1 - 50.0 50.1 - 100.0 more than 100.1 Source: IBGE Atlas Nacional do Brasil 0 250 500 750 Km BRAZIL HUMAN OCCUPATION Manaus 70° 60° 50° São Paulo Florianópolis Equator 0° 10° Salvador Atlantic Ocean 20° Rio de Janeiro 40° Tropic of Capricorn Figure 8. Map of Brazil showing high human occupation in the range of P.c. concolor. CONCLUSION The differences found between the south and southeast Brazilian groups of mountain lions and the size of the sample analyzed suggest we have identified a new subspecies. However, all specimens come from a restricted area with no specimens available to suggest clines or gradations between populations. The populations are about 500 km apart, with similar vegetation types and no complete geographic barrier to justify this dissimilarity (see Fig 7). Migration between populations may not be enough to assure the same phenotype. There is no definitive answer now, but before we do have the answer to this biological questions we suggest treating these as distinct variations as a precaution if genetic variability is to be preserved. The type locality (northwest Brazil) here represented by only 1 specimen with 3 measurements outside the range of south and southeast Brazilian populations. It does not seem to be just a clinal variation. Two of the measurements are smaller, as expected from a specimen collected near the equatorial line, but is has a wider interorbital breadth, wider (also outside the range) than the population from the northern region of Brazil at about the same latitude (Mazzolli 1992). The vegetation of northeast Brazil is xerophic and the climate is semi-arid with several months of drought, favoring the occurrence of a distinct subspecies (Fig 7). Albeit based on 1 sample, the measurements fall outside the range of the group. Chances are that high human occupation on the range of P. concolor concolor (Fig 8) will lead to more fragmented habitats, decreasing the chances of emigration between populations. 30° Figure 9. A possible split of Puma concolor concolor based on the current results. The mountain lions from northeast Argentina and South Brazil seem to belong to the same group, although a larger sample from Argentina is preferable before we draw any conclusions. The specimen collected in Uruguay does not fit in any of the groups we analyzed. But again, it is only one specimen and we have not examined the specimen first hand. Based on what we have, however, we also recommend conservation measures to protect them as a valuable stock of genetic variation. A suggested map of subspecific variation based on our results can be seen in Fig. 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank biologists Américo Ribeiro Tunes and Marlise Becker, from the IBAMA-Santa Catarina for their continuous support. We thank Dr. Paulo Vanzollini and Professor Eraldo Britski from the Sâo Paulo Museum of Zoology (MZUSP) for allowing us to examine their collection. Dr. Juan Alfredo Ximenez Trianon of the Department of Biology of the Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSAC, by leading the opening of a division for mammal studies at this institution allowed us to engage in
the study of mountain lions. LITERATURE CITED PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH MOUNTAIN LION WORKSHOP 53 Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciéncias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia (4(1):290-295. Cabrera, A. 1961. Los felidos vivientes de la republica Argentina. Revista del Museu Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Narurales. Tomo VI n5:160-248. Chambers, S.M., and J.W. Bayless. 1983. Systematics, conservation, and the measurement of genetic diversity, pages 349-363 in C. Shonewald-Cox, S.M Chambers, M. Bruce, and T. Lawrence, eds. Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal populations. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 721pp. Cracraft, J. 1989. Speciation and its ontology: the empirical consequences of alternative species concepts for understanding patterns and processes of differentiation, pages 28-59 in D. Otted. and J.A. Endler, eds. Specieation and its consequences. Frankel, O.H. 1983. The place of management and conservation, pages 1-13 in C. Shonewald-Cox, S.M. Chambers, M. Bruce and T. Lawrence, eds. Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal populations. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 721pp. Goldman, E.A. 1946. Classification of the races of the puma, Part 2: 177-302 in S.P. Young and E.A. Goldman. 1946. The Puma, mysterious american cat. Am. Wildl. Inst., Washington, D.C. 358pp. Herskovitz, P. 1959. Type locality of Felis concolor concolor Linnaeus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (72):97-100. IBGE Funcação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. 1993. Mapa de Vegetação do Brazil. Secretaria de Planejamento, Orçamento e Coordenação da Presidência da República. Linnaeus. 1771. Mantissa Plant., p522. Mazzolli, M. 1992. Contribuição ao conhecimento da distribuição, identificação e conservação do puma (Felis concolor spp.) no Estado de Santa Catarina. 70p. Mazzolli, M. 1993. Ocorrência de Puma Concolor (LINNAEUS) (FELIDAE, CARNIVORA) em áreas de veggetação remanescente de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Revta Bras. Zool. 10(4):581- 587. Nelson, E.W. and E.A. Goldman. 1929. List of pumas, with three described as new. J. Mammal. 10(4):345-350. Nelson, E.W. and E.A. Goldman. 1931. Three new pumas. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21(10):209-212. Templeton, A.R. 1990. The role of genetics in captive breeding and reintroduction for species conservation. Endangered Species Updata 8(1):14-17. Ximenez, J.A. 1972. Notas sobre felidos neotropicales IV. Puma concolor spp. en el Eurugray. Neotropica. Vol. 18, No. 55:1-4. Ximenez, J.A. 1973. Notas sobre felidos neotropicales III. Papéis Avulsos de Zool. 27(3):31-43. Zar, J.H. 1974. Biostatistical analysis. Prentis-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 607pp.
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