Assessment of a Rubidium ESFADOF Edge-Filter as ... - tuprints

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64 4 Experimental Investigations of the Rubidium ESFADOF (a) Vapor cell I: Placing Sm 2 Co 17 permanent ring magnets in front of the cell introduces an inhomogeneous magnetic field near the entry window. Stacking 8 magnets together results in field strengths of up to 270 mT near the window pane and along the symmetry axis. (b) Vapor cell II: Inserting vapor cell II into the hollow core of one ring magnet increases the magnetic field strength up to 530 mT along the symmetry axis. Fig. 4.2: Schematic geometry of the implemented vapor cell designs. from the surface, which corresponds to the window panes width. Stacking 8 ring magnets delivers a field strength of 270 mT. Stacking more magnets does not increase the field strength any further, as the distance to the cell increases as well. This measurement should be regarded rather as a rough estimation. Although a calibrated Hall-probe has been employed, the strong inhomogeneity of the magnetic field introduces large errors. However, it corresponds quite reasonably to the finite element calculations, made by the manufacturer of the magnets (cf. appendix C). Of course, stacking less magnets reduces the field strength. However, only the configuration, which delivers the highest possible field strength, has been investigated, as it ensures an almost complete spectral separation of the circularly polarized transitions. This circumstance allows for a qualitative comparison with the desired field strength of 500 mT.
4.2 543 nm Probe Laser 65 Vapor cell II: Vapor cell II has been subsequently developed in–house. Its miniaturized design has been chosen in order to insert the cell inside the hollow core of the ring magnets (inner diameter of 3 mm). This increases the magnetic field strength up to 530 mT and shifts the ESFADOF transmission edges to the desired separation of ±6.8–7.8 GHz around the central wavelength of the atomic transition. The field strength is mainly controlled by the inner diameter of the ring for a given material and magnetization. Increasing the outer diameter leads to a saturation and is limited by the manufacturing process. However, a tradeoff between the increase in magnetic field strength and the geometry of vapor cell II results. This makes the manufacturing process very challenging, as it is not possible to apply conventional glass–blowing techniques. Due to the high softening temperature of fused silica (∼ 1700 ◦ C), any attempt to melt the window panes on the small cell cladding destroys their optical quality and inhibits high quality spectroscopic measurements. In order to circumvent these problems a special glueing technique has been developed. It allows to seal the windows panes on the cell cylinder, while preserving their high optical quality. The employed epoxy (Epotek 353ND [160]) in combination with the developed technique proved good vacuum and temperature stability of up to 1.6×10 -6 mbar and 200 ◦ C respectively. The leak rate of a test sample was not measurable, i.e. it lies below the leak detectors lower limit of approx. 5×10 -8 mbar l/s. A more detailed description of the manufacturing proccess and a scanning electron microscope picture of the glued facet can be found in appendix B. 4.2 543 nm Probe Laser The fiber amplifier and the frequency conversion unit consists of custom made components, which have been built according to state-of-the-art technologies. Hence, the following discussion covers only the necessary details as far as it is required for the understanding of the performed measurements. Further discussions can be found in the corresponding literature, e.g. Refs. [59, 62, 73, 161]. A schematic of the fiber amplifier setup together with the seed ECDL, beam diagnostics and the frequency conversion unit is depicted in Fig. 4.3. The master oscillator of the fiber amplifier is a custom-developed tripod ECDL. Its design employs the Littrow-configuration [94] in combination with three piezo mechanic transducers (PZT). This design, similar to the one reported by Führer et al. [162], allows an independent rotation of the grating (G) around all its axes. A schematic of this new design is presented in appendix D. This technique increases the accessible degrees of freedom and extends the mode–hop free tuning range. The ECDL’s operating wavelength, 1086.60 nm, lies well within the amplification spectrum of the Yb fiber amplifier [59] and a mode–hop free tuning range of up to 90 GHz has been achieved. The radiation is delivered to the amplifier by a single mode patch fiber (PF). Prior to injecting the seed radiation into the Yb doped core of the fiber amplifier, two Faraday rotators (FR) and several beam splitter cubes (PBS) protect the ECDL from back propagating radiation and provide more
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INSTITUT FÜR ANGEWANDTE PHYSIK TEC
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Abstract Global and local climate c
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Pentru Alexandru şi Florina
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II Contents 4.3 Measurement Unit .
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2 1 Introduction wide sea currents
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2 Remote Sensing of the Water Colum
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2.1 Measurement Principle 7 highly
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2.1 Measurement Principle 9 Fry and
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2.2 System Requirements 11 operatin
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Page 37 and 38: 2.3 Ideal Edge-Filter 27 of the Bri
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Page 111 and 112: 5.2 Vapor Cell I: 270 mT 101 introd
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5.3 ESFADOF Operational Limits 115
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Fig. 5.18: Rubidium Grotian energy
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5.4 Vapor Cell II: 500 mT 133 maxim
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5.4 Vapor Cell II: 500 mT 135 the P
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5.4 Vapor Cell II: 500 mT 137 such
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6 Conclusion and Outlook The presen
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6 Conclusion and Outlook 141 pulses
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6 Conclusion and Outlook 143
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Appendix
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148 A Rubidium Atom 2. Relevant ato
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B Manufacturing process of Rb Vapor
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B Manufacturing process of Rb Vapor
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C Magnetic Field Strengths of the E
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D Tripod ECDL Fig. D.1: Schematic o
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160 References [10] G.L. Mellor and
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162 References [41] E.S. Fry, J. Ka
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164 References [69] Claude C. Leroy
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166 References [97] L. Goldberg, D.
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168 References [125] Cord Fricke-Be
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170 References [158] Triad Technolo
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172 References [186] M. Cheret, L.
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Curriculum Vitae Alexandru Lucian P
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178 1 Publications Conference Proce
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Supervised Theses Denise Stang, Wei
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184 1 Danksagung Bei Herrn Arno Wei
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