THE ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION to

THE ASHGATE
RESEARCH COMPANION to
a]
ASHGATE
NON-STATE
Edited by
BOB REINALDA

© Bob Reinalda and the contributors 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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be identified as the editor of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Ashgate research companion to non-state actors.
1. Non-state actors (International relations)
2. Non-governmental organizations.
I. Research companion to non-state actors II. Reinalda, Bob.
327.1-dc22
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reinalda, Bob.
The Ashgate research companion to non-state actors / by Bob Reinalda.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-7906-6 (hardback : alk. paper)-ISBN 978-0-7546-9794-7 (e-book)
1. Non-governmental organizations. 2. International agencies. 3. International business
enterprises. I. Title: Non-state actors.
JZ4841.R45 2010
341.2—dc22
2010034763
ISBN 9780754679066 (hbk)
ISBN 9780754697947 (ebk)
A -
MIX
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by the
MPG Books Group, UK

AS H GATE
RESEARCH
COMPANION
Contents
List o f Figures and Tables
List o f Contributors
ix
xi
Part I: Introduction and Sources
1 Non-State Actors in the International System of States
Bob Reinalda
2 The Yearbook o f International Organizations and Quantitative
Non-State Actor Research
Elizabeth Bloodgood
3 Researching Transnational History: The Example of Peace Activism
Thomas Richard Davies
4 The United Nations Intellectual History Project and the Role of Ideas
Francis Baert
3
19
35
47
Part II: Actors Other than Governments
5 Transnational Religious Actors
John T.S. Madeley and Jeffrey Haynes
6 Transnational Corporations and the Regulation of Business at the
Global Level
Karsten Ronit
7 Unravelling the Political Role of Experts and Expertise in the
Professional Services Industry
Angela Wigger
8 Parliaments and Parliamentarians as International Actors
Andrés Malamud and Stelios Stavridis
9 Autonomous Agencies of the European Union as Non-State Actors
Martijn Groenleer
63
75
89
101
117
Part III: Perceptions and Understanding
10 Liberal Political Philosophy: The Role of Non-State Actors and
Considerations of Global Justice
Geoff Gordon and Roland Pierik
133

T h e A sh g a te R esea r c h C o m p a n io n to N o n - S tate A ctors
11 Non-Governmental Organizations and Non-State Actors in
International Law
Anna-Karin Lindblom
12 Intergovernmental Organizations in International Relations Theory
and as Actors in World Politics
Joel E. Oestreich
13 Inter-Organizational Relations: An Emerging Research Programme
Rafael Biermann
14 Civil Society and NGO: Far from Unproblematic Concepts
Norbert Gotz
15 Non-State and State Actors in Global Governance
Martin Koch
16 Limitations of Intergovernmental and Non-Governmental
Organizations
Dennis Dijkzeul and William E. DeMars
147
161
173
185
197
209
Part IV: Nature and Impact
17 Non-State Actors and the Transformation of Diplomacy
Brian Hocking
18 Dynamism and Resilience of Intergovernmental Organizations in a
World of Persisting State Power and Rising Non-State Actors
Yves Schemed
19 International Bureaucracies: Organizing World Politics
Steffen Bauer and Silke Weinlich
20 Interest Representation and Advocacy within the European Union:
The Making of Democracy?
Sabine Saurugger
21 From Agenda Setting to Decision Making: Opening the Black Box
of Non-Governmental Organizations
Liesbet Heyse
22 Non-Governmental Organizations and Decision Making in the
United Nations
Jutta Joachim
23 The Ongoing Organizational Reform of the United Nations
Yves Beigbeder
24 Reporting and Peer Review in the Implementation of International
Rules: What Role for Non-State Actors?
Thomas Conzelmann
25 Accountability of Public and Private International Organizations
Steve Charnovitz
26 Non-State Actors and the Proliferation and Individualization of
International Dispute Settlement
Eric De Brabandere
225
237
251
263
277
291
303
319
333
347

C o n t e n t s
Part V: Separate Worlds
27 Politics and the World of Humanitarian Aid
Wolf-Dieter Eberwein
28 Non-Governmental Organizations in the Human Rights World
Anja Mihr
29 Non-State Actors in the Global Security World
Carolyn M. Stephenson
30 Non-State Actors in the Development Aid World as Seen from
the South
Moushumi Basu
31 Cities for Citizens in the Global South: Approaches of
Non-Governmental Organizations Working in Urban Development
Diana Mitlin
32 Non-State Actors in the Global Health World
Peter Hough
33 Non-State Actors in Multilateral Trade Governance
Dirk De Bievre and Marcel Hanegraaff
34 Non-State Actors and Environmental Governance: Comparing
Multinational, Supranational and Transnational Rule Making
Lars H. Gulbrandsen, Steinar Andresen and Jon Birger Skjaerseth
Bibliography
Index
363
377
391
405
419
433
447
463
477
543
vii

THE ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION to
NON-STATE ACTORS
Edited by BOB REINALDA
How do non-state actors matter in international relations? This volume recognizes three types of
non-state actor: non-governmental organizations (NCOs), intergovernmental organizations (ICOs)
and transnational corporations. It illustrates how they play roles alongside nation-states and are
interrelated in matters of international regulation and coordination.
After an introductory part on current qualitative and quantitative sources, this comprehensive
collection of state-of-the-art essays is comprised of four main thematic parts:
Part II examines actors other than governments, such as transnational religious actors, business
representatives and experts, and also parliamentarians and agencies set up by ICOs.
Part III studies the perceptions and understandings in political philosophy, international law and
international relations theory. It questions concepts used (civil society, NCO, governance) and
covers the limitations to be kept in mind.
Part IV analyses the nature and impact of non-state actors. Chapters discuss processes within
international bureaucracies (diplomacy, dynamism, bureaucratic power, contribution to
democracy) and the quintessence of deliberation and decision making within NCOs and ICOs
and of implementation, accountability and dispute settlement.
Part V studies specific worlds of non-state actors: humanitarian aid, human rights, security, the
North-South divide, health, trade and environment.
Accessible and articulately written, The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors is aimed
at a wide readership of scholars and practitioners in international relations.
Bob Reinalda is a Researcher in Political Science at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
He has written a history of international organizations between 1815 and 2009, covering both
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. He has also co-edited studies about
autonomous policy making by, decision making within, and implementation by international
organizations (with Bertjan Verbeek and Jutta Joachim). He is currently preparing a biographical
dictionary of secretaries-general of intergovernmental organizations.