The humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions on Burundi

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Most exports transit through neighboring countries and the ports <strong>of</strong> Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Mombassa (Kenya)—some 2,000 kilometers to the east. In 1994, Burundi’s Gross National Product (GNP) was estimated at only $160 per capita, making it among the world’s poorest countries according to World Bank statistics. It ranks 166 out <strong>of</strong> 174 nations on UNDP’s 1996 Human Development Index. Burundi has a consistently high trade deficit ($50- $100 million annually) and a foreign debt in excess <strong>of</strong> $1 billion. Foreign debt servicing amounts to 25-35 percent <strong>of</strong> annual export earnings. Burundi’s impoverishment is reflected in all basic indicators measuring socio<strong>economic</strong> status (Table 1.1). Life expectancy is only 51 years. Eighty-five percent <strong>of</strong> rural residents live below the poverty level. One-third <strong>of</strong> children under five are malnourished, and nearly 20 percent <strong>of</strong> all children die before reaching 5 years <strong>of</strong> age. Government expenditure on health is only $0.75 per person per year, one-tenth the amount allocated in the 1997 budget to defense. Adult literacy, already at low levels, continues to decline, with a full 50 percent <strong>of</strong> males and 75 percent <strong>of</strong> Burundian women unable to read or write. Burundi is comprised <strong>of</strong> three population groups—the Twa (1 percent), Tutsi (15-20 percent), and Hutu (80-85 percent). It has been the perceived differences between the Tutsi and Hutu and the political manipulation <strong>of</strong> these perceptions by power-seeking elites that has formed the deep-rooted ideological basis for Burundi’s struggle since independence, obtained from Belgium in 1962. <strong>The</strong> recent violence in Burundi, according to the Minority Rights Group (MRG) and other analysts, has been political rather than ethnic in nature. <strong>The</strong> events <strong>of</strong> October 1993 and subsequent years have been aimed by elites at “recapturing political power and privileges, lost or jeopardized after the June [1993] elections.” 3 Indeed, although the conflict in Burundi is generally perceived as between Hutu and Tutsi—and there can be no question that these differences have been exploited by elites in their political strategies—the historical basis for this argument is not certain. Even less certain is the precise historical origin <strong>of</strong> Hutu and Tutsi—and 2
Table 1.1: Basic Socio<strong>economic</strong> Indicators Indicator Burundi Burundi 1991 1995 Sub-Saharan Africa 1995 Demographic Indicators Population (millions) 5.7 6.4 — Life expectancy (years) 48.0 51.0 51.0 % Population urbanized 5.0 8.0 31.0 Economic Indicators GNP per capita (U.S. $) 210.0 160.0 503.0 % below urban poverty level 55.0 55.0 — % below rural poverty level 85.0 85.0 62.0 Health Infant mortality rate 108.0 106.0 106.0 Under-5 mortality rate 181.0 176.0 175.0 % urban with access to safe water 100.0 93.0 80.0 % rural with access to safe water 34.0 54.0 36.0 % urban with access to health services — 100.0 53.0 % rural with access to health services — 79.0 75.0 % <strong>of</strong> 1-year-olds vaccinated against measles 75.0 50.0 53.0 Nutrition % <strong>of</strong> under-five, underweight (moderate and 38.0 37.0 30.0 severe) children calorie supply as % <strong>of</strong> requirements 84.0 80.0 93.0 Education Male adult literacy rate (%) 61.0 49.0 67.0 Female adult literacy rate (%) 40.0 23.0 48.0 % <strong>of</strong> males enrolled in primary school 77.0 76.0 80.0 % <strong>of</strong> females enrolled in primary school 60.0 62.0 66.0 Source: UNICEF, State <strong>of</strong> the World’s Children 1997 (New York: Oxford University Press), UNICEF, State <strong>of</strong> the World’s Children 1993 (New York: Oxford University Press), World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press). 3
Page 1 and 2: Occasional Paper #29 THE HUMANITARI
Page 3: CONTENTS Preface ..................
Page 6 and 7: ing about political change through
Page 8 and 9: political changes, on the other. As
Page 10 and 11: NOTES 1 Thomas G. Weiss, David Cort
Page 12 and 13: continues to export, through smuggl
Page 14 and 15: Recommendations • The</st
Page 16 and 17: a system can be successful only if
Page 18 and 19: NOTES 1 Statement of</stron
Page 20 and 21: imposed, Burundi was a country alre
Page 22 and 23: xxii
Page 24 and 25: UNHCR UNICEF UPRONA WFP WHO United
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Page 30 and 31: whether distinctions between the tw
Page 32 and 33: The Military Coup
Page 34 and 35: indicating that negotiations should
Page 36 and 37: By this time, however, sanc
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 2 THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
Page 41 and 42: Burundi also has found ways to smug
Page 43 and 44: eappeared, along with salt from Tan
Page 45 and 46: egan to slow. With the onset <stron
Page 47 and 48: 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 3
Page 50 and 51: sons, mostly farmers, resulted in e
Page 52 and 53: Rate of inflation
Page 54 and 55: However, CPI increases in the July-
Page 56 and 57: seeds, as well as the normal distri
Page 58 and 59: income. Coffee pro
Page 60 and 61: The embargo has pr
Page 62 and 63: Essential Drugs All human medicines
Page 64 and 65: target of vaccinat
Page 66 and 67: from chronic malnutrition. In the c
Page 68 and 69: Table 2.5: Populations and Observed
Page 70 and 71: and Food Supply Assessment Mission
Page 72 and 73: Table 3.1: Chronology of</s
Page 74 and 75: guidelines for exemptions. 2 <stron
Page 76 and 77: authorities and UN/NGO agencies gre
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fertilizers and to the potential lo
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items to be imported by the UN, sub
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Nairobi and Bujumbura, as well as t
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cratic problems associated with the
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Tanzania, so that only small quanti
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conflict-prone areas into regroupem
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10 World Food Programme, An Analysi
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CHAPTER 4 THE POLITICAL IMPACTS OF
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the country was in danger and urgen
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genocide deeply affected regional p
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if negotiations between opposing fa
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egion as a whole appears to have co
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to which political parties could ex
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On November 16, Buyoya once again m
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the Arusha IV Regional Summit on Ap
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“[T]he embargo set on Burundi mus
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International reported that “arme
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14 UN Information Service, “Speci
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46 Matthew Bigg, “Burundi defiant
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sustain the momentum of</st
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usiness-like enforcement of
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for prohibiting such items. UN sanc
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enforcement rather than allowed to
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talks and the Arusha Summit. At the
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Mid-August August 16 August 16 Augu
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flights for emergency evacuation so
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December 6 Franco-African Summit, O
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“appeals to the countries <strong
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Rudi Veestraeten Second Secretary,
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Alexandra Humme Arjun Katoch Freder
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114
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116
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elations. It seeks to be a multifac
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The humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions on Burundi

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