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Tribunale di Vigevano: Specific Aspects of the CISG Uniformly Dealt With examining the goods himself, by repairing the goods, or by delivering substitute goods). 81 In the case at hand, the court correctly stated that the notice was not specific enough. Although one should not overempha<strong>size</strong> this requirement, 82 a notice that merely refers to the fact that “the goods caused problems” cannot be considered a proper notice. Indeed, such a generic notice (not unlike similar ones where reference is solely made to the fact that the goods are “defective in all parts,” 83 that they “do not conform to contract specifications” 84 or that they are the outcome of “poor workmanship,” 85 etc.) 86 does not put the seller in a position to choose what steps to take. What has been said in the last two chapters would without any doubt by itself suffice to 27 deny the buyer the right to rely on the lack of conformity, especially since, as pointed out by the Tribunale di Vigevano, the buyer can rely neither on Article 40 (according to which the lack of proper notice is of no consequence where the seller was aware, or could not have been unaware, of the lack of conformity and did not notify the buyer), nor on Article 44 (according to which the buyer retains at least some rights if he has a reasonable excuse for not giving proper notice). Both are intended to limit the harshness of the consequences of a lack of proper notice. The court also dismissed the buyer's claim for another reason, linked to the burden of proof. VIII. Burden of Proof Under the CISG 28 There is a dispute among legal scholars as to whether the issue of burden of proof is 29 a matter governed by the CISG. 87 According to several legal [page 236] scholars, this issue is not dealt with by the Convention which is -- why one should -- apart from some 81 See also Schwenzer, supra note 23, at 411-412. 82 See also Reinhard Resch, Zur Rage bei Sachmängeln nach UN-Kaufrecht,ÖSTERREICHISCHE JURISTENZEITUNG 470, 470 (1992). 83 OLG Frankfurt, 20 April 1994, NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1013 (1994). 84 HG Zürich, 30 November 1998, SCHWEIZERISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR INTERNATIONALES UND EUROPÄISCHES RECHT 188 (1999). 85 LG München, 3 July 1989, PRAXIS DES INTERNATIONALEN PRIVAT-UND VERFAHRENSRECHTS 316 (1990). 86 See, e.g., Burghard Piltz, Neue Entwicklungen im UN-Kaufrecht, NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 553, 557 (2000). 87 Several monographs have been written on the subject of burden of proof; see, e.g. CLEMENS ANTWEILER, BEWEISLASTVERTEILUNG IM UN-KAUFRECHT; INSBESONDERE BEI VERTRAGSVERLETZUNGEN DES VERKÄUFERS (Frankfurt 1995); MICHAEL HENNIGER, DIE FRAGE DER BEWEISLAST IM RAHMEN DES UN-KAUFRECHTS: ZUGLEICH EINE RECHTSVERGLEICHENDE GRUNDLAGENSTUDIE ZUR BEWEISLAST (Munich 1995; ALEXANDER IMBERG, DIE VERTEILUNG DER BEWEISLAST BEIM GEFAHRÜBERGANG NACH UN-KAUFRECHT (Frankfurt 1998); REINHARD JUNG, DIE BEWEISLASTVERTEILUNG IM UN-KAUFRECHT (Frankfurt 1996); BIRGIT REIMER-ZOCHER, BEWEISLASTFRAGEN IM HAAGER UND WIENER KAUFRECHT (Frankfurt 1995). SiSU cisgw3.law.pace.edu/ 11
Tribunale di Vigevano: Specific Aspects of the CISG Uniformly Dealt With exceptional cases 88 - have recourse to domestic law. 89 This point of view also has been taken up by a number of courts. 90 There is, however, no agreement among these legal writers as to how to determine the applicable domestic law. Whereas some legal writers hold the view that one should always resort to the lex fori, 91 others propose to resort to the domestic law made applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law of the forum. 92 The prevailing view, however, appears to be that the issue of burden of proof is a matter 30 governed by the CISG 93 (at least “implicitly” 94 or “indirectly” 95 ). This view has been justified, on the one hand, on the grounds that the CISG itself provides at least one rule on the allocation of the burden [page 237] of proof, 96 namely the one to be found in Article 79(1). 97 Thus, it cannot be asserted that the issue of the allocation of the burden of proof is not governed by the CISG. On the other hand, legal scholars have pointed out that the issue of burden of proof is so closely linked to the substantive law that a rule on the allocation of the burden of proof must necessarily be derived from the substantive law, i.e. the 88 See, e.g., MAX HUTTER, DIE HAFTUNG DES VERKÄUFERS FÜR NICHTLIEFERUNG DER WARE BZW. LIEFERUNG VERTRAGSWIDRIGER WARE NACH DEM WIENER UNCITRAL-ÜBEREINKOMMEN ÜBER INTERNATIONALE WARENKAUFVERTRÄGE VOM 11 April 1980 44 (Diss. Regensburg 1988). 89 Warren L.H. Khoo, Art. 2, in COMMENTARY ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW, supra note 25, at 39; Ulrich Huber, Der UNCITRAL-Entwurf eines Übereinkommens über internationale Warenkaufverträge, RABELS ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES UND INTERNATIONALES PRIVATRECHT 413, 479 (1979); GERT REINHART, UN-KAUFRECHT 89 (Heidelberg 1991); Arthur Rosett, Critical Reflections on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 45 OHIO STATE L.J. 265, 281 (1984); GRITLI RYFFEL, DIE SCHADENERSATZHAFTUNG DES VERKÄUFERS NACH DEM WIENER ÜBEREINKOMMEN ÜBER INTERNATIONALE WARENKAUFVERTRÄGE VOM 11 Apri1 1980 59 (Bern 1992). 90 ICC Arbitral Award no. 6653/93, JOURNAL DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL 1044 (1993). 91 Cf. compare Khoo, supra note 89, at 39; Dirk Ott o , Produkthaftung nach dem UN-Kaufrecht, MONATSSCHRIFT FÜR DEUTSCHES RECHT 533, 534 (1992); RYFFEL, supra note 89, at 59. 92 Cosi Shivbir S. Grewal, Risk of loss in Goods Sold During Transit: A Comparative Study of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the Uniform Commercial Code, and the British Sale of Goods Act, 14 LOY. L.A. INT'L and COMP. L. REV. 93, 102 (1991). 93 Cf. JOACHIM AUE, MÄNGELGEWÄHRLEISTUNG IM UN-KAUFRECHT 110 (Frankfurt 1989); Cesare Massimo Bianca, Art. 36, in COMMENTARY ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW, supra note 25, at 287-288; Victor Knap p , Art. 74, in COMMENTARY ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALES LAW, supra note 25, at 541; Rolf Herber, Anwendungsbereich des UNCITRAL-Kaufrechtsübereinkommens, in DAS UNCITRAL-KAUFRECHT IM VERGLEICH ZUM ÖSTERREICHISCHEN RECHT, supra note 74, at 41; HERBER and CZERWENKA, supra note 24, at 32; JUNG, supra note 87, at 40; Ulrich Magnus, Stand und Entwicklung des UN-Kaufrechts, ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR EUROPÄISCHES PRIVATRECHT 202, 207 (1995); REIMERS-ZOCHER, supra note 87, at 148. 94 HG Zürich, 9 September 1993, UNILEX. 95 Oskar Hartwieg, Prozessuale Aspekte einheitlicher Anwendung der Wiener UN-Konvention über den Internationalen Warenkauf (CISG). Eine komparative Fall-Studie zur einheitlichen Rechtsanwendung, ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR VERGLEICHENDE RECHTSWISSENSCHAFT 282, 321 (1993). 96 MAGNUS, supra note 13, at 122. 97 See also REIMERS-ZOCHER, supra note 87, at 146 ff. SiSU cisgw3.law.pace.edu/ 12
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