MOM 2006 journal for pdf.pmd - University of Michigan-Flint

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Measures Stroop Color Naming Task. Participants were asked to identify the color of the word stimulus (red, blue, yellow, green) in three types of trials. The congruent trials consist of identifying the color of the stimulus, which is consistent with the word. For example, the word RED presented in red ink. The incongruent trials consisted of identifying the stimulus when presented in another ink color. For example, the word RED represented in blue ink. The negative priming trials consist of target responses for words that were a distractor on the previous trial. Results We used between subjects’ univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the young, young-old, and old-old on congruent, incongruent and negative priming Stroop tasks. There was a significant main effect for age groups for all three analyses. Congruent Stroop scores show a medium effect size for age, F (2, 186) = 7.18, p= .001, η 2 = .072, and large effect sizes for incongruent and negative priming trials F (2,186) = 70.81, p≤.001, η 2 = .432 and F (2,186) = 61.27, p≤.001, η 2 = .397 respectively. Post hoc analyses of the mean differences found all of the age group differences at p < .001. An omnibus test, age by total Stroop score was also significant, F (2,186) = 44.12, p
slightly smaller than the incongruent trials that measured random interference. The negative priming task may not have been as large as we expected because it was presented after the interference task, allowing subjects more practice. Another possibility is that the effect of random interference is so substantial that it overshadows the effect of the negative priming, as they may be occurring simultaneously. In the future, cognitive aging scientists should work on developing better measures of inhibition, with an emphasis on measures that differentiate between random interference and perseveration. Also, including old-old samples in aging research is important, because as our results indicate there is a large decline in performance after 75 years. Many studies have a mean age of 70-72; however, at this age adults appear to be performing at near optimal levels still. This fourth age group indicates that age -related declines become significant in adults 75 and older, as suggested by Baltes (1997). References Hasher, L., & Zacks, R., (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. The psychology of learning and motivation, 22, 193-225. Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E., Zacks, R., & Rypma, B., (1991). Age and inhibition. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 17, 163-169. Little, D., & Hartley, A., (2000). Further evidence that negative priming in the Stroop color word task is equivalent in older and younger adults. Psychology and aging, 15, 9-17. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. West, R., & Alain (2000). Age-related decline in inhibitory control contributes to the increased Stroop effect observed in older adults. Psychophysiology, 37, 179-189. Meeting of Minds 2006 7
Page 1 and 2: Meeting of Minds XIV Journal of Und
Page 3 and 4: ABOUT THE MEETING OF MINDS: JOURNAL
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contribut
Page 7 and 8: DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING: INNER-CITY
Page 9 and 10: 1995. The teacher believed they are
Page 11: In studies of age related declines
Page 15 and 16: Since the requirements of surviving
Page 17 and 18: Table 2 Observed behaviors of Imara
Page 19 and 20: Figure 2 Relative frequencies of de
Page 21 and 22: References Alexander, R. D. “The
Page 23 and 24: She goes for it. She proves to the
Page 25 and 26: Hypotheses The current study examin
Page 27 and 28: Previous fMRI research suggests tha
Page 29 and 30: [LDL’s] carry cholesterol from th
Page 31 and 32: for amounts in excess of 0.5 grams.
Page 33 and 34: Dewey, David L. “Hydrogenated Oil
Page 35 and 36: These are the tranquillized Fifties
Page 37 and 38: The reader is thrust out of the mem
Page 39 and 40: WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING OUT: CO
Page 41 and 42: What follows is a description of tw
Page 43 and 44: The ceiling of the church is adorne
Page 45 and 46: Against the back wall of the church
Page 47 and 48: Bibliography Bowen, John R. Religio
Page 49 and 50: (Gough, 1957). Because individuals
Page 51 and 52: References Bochner, A., di Salvo V.
Page 53 and 54: It is difficult for many critics, a
Page 55 and 56: It seems clear that Bishop is not a
Page 57 and 58: “SHE WAS ONLY A SLIP OF A THING B
Page 59 and 60: women are strong enough to care for
Page 61 and 62: had the luxury of doing business
Page 63 and 64:
Chinese students regularly had as m
Page 65 and 66:
The age of the participants ranged
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3 illustrates the results of
Page 69 and 70:
If I was to further this study, I w
Page 71 and 72:
idomain conductivities (σ iL , σ
Page 73 and 74:
Meeting of Minds 2006 67
Page 75 and 76:
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ADSOR
Page 77 and 78:
1T 3T 5T Figure 1: The cluster mode
Page 79 and 80:
The N-O bond lengths also show a si
Page 81 and 82:
The relative energies of the NO ads
Page 83 and 84:
INVESTIGATION OF SUBSTITUTED CYCLOO
Page 85 and 86:
were 9 possibilities from the X and
Page 87 and 88:
28 O O RSS NA 8.6 28 O O SSS NA 8.6
Page 89 and 90:
As seen from the distance data abov
Page 91 and 92:
continually touches her and plays w
Page 93 and 94:
In the last scene, Act 5.4, the tra
Page 95 and 96:
Tristan was the one who had her bef
Page 97 and 98:
Bibliography Béroul. The Romance o
Page 99 and 100:
given day one could observe a cheat
Page 101 and 102:
Many countries have taken Latin Ame
Page 103 and 104:
References and Works Cited Andaló,
Page 105 and 106:
differentiates human beings from an
Page 107 and 108:
has to beg the wind to help her. Th
Page 109 and 110:
APOCALYPSE, WHEN? Joanne Chiu Facul
Page 111 and 112:
Lowell’s energetic diction connec
Page 113 and 114:
The apocalypse has come and as with
Page 115 and 116:
RELIGION AS A MANIPULATIVE TOOL IN
Page 117 and 118:
With a sense of his mastery of stra
Page 119 and 120:
References Arenal, Electa and Stace
Page 121 and 122:
constructed a visual lexicon aggres
Page 123 and 124:
them as the hoods plot their next t
Page 125 and 126:
The motivation behind Guston’s re
Page 127 and 128:
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A PARADOX OF
Page 129 and 130:
GUNTHER VON HAGEN’S GESTALT PLAST
Page 131 and 132:
are borrowed directly from the visu
Page 133 and 134:
In general, science museums do not
Page 135 and 136:
The report suggests that war-crimes
Page 137 and 138:
DATA MINING IN BIOINFORMATICS: USIN
Page 139 and 140:
Zealand, which was ranked 77 th in
Page 141 and 142:
THE JENSEN LANDSCAPE AT HENRY AND C
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number of Boxelder trees increased
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. The distribution of Sugar
Page 147 and 148:
THE EFFECT OF RETINOIDS ON REGENERA
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deparaffinized in xylene. After the
Page 151 and 152:
A B C Figure 2 Photographs of tadpo
Page 153 and 154:
IU/mL retinoids is the best concent
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