PANGANI BASIN WATER BOARD

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The development of integrated management strategies for the PRB along with attendant forums. There appears to be little doubt that the Pangani River Basin (PRB) urgently needs integrated management strategies that can cope with its diverse and complicated issues. Possible options that could be considered include the development of water demand strategies, assessing downstream water requirements for people and the environment, water incremental approaches to management, streamlining management and increasing the role played by communities in the design and implementation of integrated NRM. The development of effective strategies to facilitate dialogue amongst and between resource users and managers of different types and involved in different sectors with a view to improving awareness at all levels of management. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that dialogue opportunities between and amongst stakeholders and managers are maximised, so as to ensure that two-way exchanges of information may occur, dissemination improved and the knowledge of how stakeholders all play a part in the well-being of the Basin delivered. It is necessary that awareness is created about all aspects of the condition and management of the Basin and its stakeholders at all levels of management and its co-ordination. Additional components of this priority area are the development of forums capable of assuming this task, as well as serving as a mechanism to remedy conflict, and to bridge gaps between different levels of administration The identification and development of an adequate data collection and monitoring system. This action area is not restricted to the development of data collection systems for hydrological data. A satellite and GIS assessment of land use, exploitation rates and geographical change is a pre-requisite for the development of land-use planning and monitoring. The development of methodologies to assess and gauge the underlying social and economic causes of environmental degradation and resource overexploitation also needs to be identified. Such systems should also be capable of identifying water demands within the Basin. The data and monitoring systems recommended must match local funding and maintenance capabilities. xii
A Introduction to the Pangani River Basin Situation Analysis A.1 An overview of the Pangani River Basin The Pangani basin is one of 9-river basins gazetted in Tanzania according to the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 as amended in 1981 (Amendment No. 10) (repealed by Water Resources Management Act 2009) to devolve the responsibility for water management to the basin level. The Pangani Basin covers an area of about 58,800 km 2,1 administratively and includes the main Pangani River Basin and the smaller river basins of Umba, Msangazi, Zigi 2 , and Coastal Rivers, including Mukulumuzi. This Situation Analysis concentrates on the main Pangani River Basin. However, details of the smaller river basins governed by Pangani Basin Water Office are provided in Annex 1. The Pangani River Basin covers an area of 43,650 km 2,1 , out of which 3,914 km 2,1 lies in Kenya (Figure 1). In Tanzania, the Basin in distributed amongst the Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Arusha, and Tanga administrative regions of. The Kenyan portion of the Basin falls almost entirely within the district of Taita – Taveta. The Pangani River itself has two main tributaries, both of which rise in the basin’s northernmost portions. The first of these, the Kikuletwa, rises on the slopes of Mount Meru and the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, while the second, the Ruvu, rises on the eastern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and Lake Jipe. These rivers join at Nyumba ya Mungu, a reservoir of some 140 km 2 (Røhr and Killingtveit, 2002). The Pangani River 3 drains the reservoir, flowing for 432 km before emptying into the Indian Ocean. Generally, the basin comprises a low elevation slope that drops gently south and southeastwards towards the Indian Ocean. On average, this landscape of ‘Maasai steppe’ lies at 800 m, and much of it receives little more than 500 mm of rain a year. In stark contrast, rising up out of the plain are a series of mountains whose altitude more than compensates for the difficult conditions of the plains. Up here, 2,000 mm of rain may fall per year. In effect, these mountains represent islands: while the plains around them display an unremarkable biodiversity and difficult livelihood conditions, the mountains are islands of spectacular biodiversity and biotic endemism. Humans have not failed to observe the qualities of these mountains, and even before the advent of Tanzania’s colonial administration, the mountains of the Pangani River Basin (PRB) were the most densely populated areas on the plain. As the Pangani River curves eastwards, and descends onto Tanzania’s coastal plain, it yet again encounters enigmatic climatological and environmental conditions. Unlike the climates of the north, which have changed substantially over millennia from ice age to ice age, the climate generated out of the Indian Ocean has remained remarkably stable. The entire coastal plain of East Africa exhibits forest 1 Many previous studies cite the catchment area of the administrative Pangani Basin in Tanzania as 56,300 km 2 , and the area of the main Pangani River Basin in Tanzania and Kenya as 42,200 km 2 based on planimeter estimates made by S. Kamugisha (1992). Subsequently two different institutions (TANRIC at University of Dar es Salaam and the River Basin Management Project in the Ministry of Water & Livestock Development) have estimated these areas using GIS. These recent estimates are larger than the previous planimeter estimates. These discrepancies are probably a result of different interpretations of the basin boundaries, especially on the west side and differences between planimeter and GIS methods (Kamugisha & Mwakalinga pers. com., 2003). 2 Some authors use ‘Sigi’ spelling, ‘Zigi’ is the preferred spelling of the catchment’s residents (pers. comm., 2003) 3 Some maps and studies refer to the effluent of Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir as the Ruvu River until it joins with the Mkomazi River, at which point it becomes the Pangani River. This study will refer to the entire stretch, from Nyumba ya Mungu to the estuary, as the Pangani River. 1
Page 1 and 2: IUCN WATER AND NATURE INITIATIVE IU
Page 3 and 4: Pangani Basin: A Situation Analysis
Page 5 and 6: Contents Abbreviations ............
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations ANR .................
Page 9 and 10: Preface The objectives of the first
Page 11 and 12: • Conflicts of scale: the relatio
Page 13: • Livestock increases: these are
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2: The Pangani River Basin s
Page 19 and 20: A.2 Integrated River Basin Manageme
Page 21 and 22: WANI helps to catalyse change, by i
Page 23 and 24: B The Pangani River Basin’s natur
Page 25 and 26: and in furniture construction. In r
Page 27 and 28: Conservation threats and status On
Page 29 and 30: B.3 Water and wetlands The Pangani
Page 31 and 32: The PRB is thought to have about 90
Page 33 and 34: wake lava flows, cinder fields and
Page 35 and 36: Box 9: Category 1 Globally threaten
Page 37 and 38: • The Basin’s biodiversity is a
Page 39 and 40: Table 4: Tanzanian and Kenyan socio
Page 41 and 42: Further to the south, farming inten
Page 43 and 44: Box 11: Sodicity and salinity Sodic
Page 45 and 46: Non-governmental organisations PAMO
Page 47 and 48: Plate 1: The Pangani River Basin (S
Page 49 and 50: Plate 3: Kilimanjaro’s famous sno
Page 51 and 52: Plate 6: An irrigation furrow in Mo
Page 53 and 54: Conflict within the Pangani River B
Page 55 and 56: felling started and outsiders, perc
Page 57 and 58: These rules emphasise social equity
Page 59 and 60: D Natural Resource Management in th
Page 61 and 62: Table 6: Water rights (WR) in the P
Page 63 and 64: In this respect, Kenya’s Water Po
Page 65 and 66:
their resources. However, instituti
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Box 14: An example of a Water Users
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From the above discussion, the foll
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In the Basin’s lowland areas, it
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these types of systems may actually
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• An additional administrative de
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that large(er)-scale interests are
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• PAMOJA’s expertise lies in th
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Geological Survey, 1960. Summary of
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Musyoki, M. M. and Mwandotto, B. A.
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W.C.M.C. (World Conservation Monito
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Interview sources for Appendix 1 Ar
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Natural Resources Protected Areas T
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Data collection network • Msangaz
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Land The main land use in the catch
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Figure 4: The Administrative Pangan
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Coast Development Authority IUCN -
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PANGANI BASIN WATER BOARD

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