Sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers - PeaceWomen

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Carlyn van der Mark
Political Science Master Thesis - Sexual exploitation and UN peacekeepers
Table of contents
List of tables ………………………………………………………………………….……..…………4
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….……….….………5
Literature Review …………………………………………………………………….……….……...7
Militarized Masculinities ………………………………………………………………………….….….7
“Boys will be Boys”…………………………………………………………..…………….…….…….8
Social masculinities……………………………………………………………………….……….……8
Measures of impunity…………………………………………………………………………...…..…..9
Failure of gender mainstreaming the 1325 resolution…………………………………………..…….10
Research Design Framework..............................................................................................................11
Liberal feminist theory………………………………………………………………………..……….11
Methodology in explaining the failure of the zero tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and
abuse…………………………………………………………………………………….……………12
The failure of the zero tolerance policy………………………………………………………………12
MONUC/MINUTASH peacekeeping operations……………………………………………………..13
Social masculinities and the peacekeeper……………………………………………………………14
Immunity, Impunity and accountability measures……………………………………………………16
The domestic context of the peacekeeping mission…………………………………………..………18
Section 1: Social Masculinities and the Peacekeeper…………………………………………..…20
1.1 Combating sexual exploitation and abuse on the institutional level…………………………..…20
1.2 Deconstructing the agency of allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse - which peacekeepers
are involved, who are the perpetrators?................................................................................................22
1.3 Data collection of number of personnel involved in sexual exploitation…………………………23
1.4 Failure of the Zero Tolerance in combating social masculinities and the military peacekeeper..26
1.5 Analysis of social masculinities and failure of zero tolerance policy…………………………….30
1.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..….…32
Section 2: The Immunity and Impunity dilemma: the problem of accountability
measures…………….
2.1 The UN and legal provisions……………………………………………………………………..34