26. passage of particles through matter - Particle Data Group

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14 26. Passage of particles through matter where a = αZ [38]. Table 26.2: Tsai’s L rad and L ′ rad , for use in calculating the radiation length in an element using Eq. (26.18). Element Z L rad L ′ rad H 1 5.31 6.144 He 2 4.79 5.621 Li 3 4.74 5.805 Be 4 4.71 5.924 Others > 4 ln(184.15 Z −1/3 ) ln(1194 Z −2/3 ) Although it is easy to use Eq. (26.18) to calculate X 0 , the functional dependence on Z is somewhat hidden. Dahl provides a compact fit to the data [39]: 716.4 g cm −2 A X 0 = Z(Z + 1) ln(287/ √ (26.20) Z) Results obtained with this formula agree with Tsai’s values to better than 2.5% for all elements except helium, where the result is about 5% low. (X 0 N A /A) ydσ LPM /dy 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 100 GeV 10 GeV 1 TeV 10 TeV 100 TeV Bremsstrahlung 1 PeV 10 PeV 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 y = k/E Figure 26.10: The normalized bremsstrahlung cross section kdσ LP M /dk in lead versus the fractional photon energy y = k/E. The vertical axis has units of photons per radiation length. The radiation length in a mixture or compound may be approximated by 1/X 0 = ∑ w j /X j , (26.21) where w j and X j are the fraction by weight and the radiation length for the jth element. June 18, 2002 13:57
26. Passage of particles through matter 15 Positrons Lead (Z = 82) 0.20 − 1 dE (X −1 E dx 0 ) 1.0 0.5 Electrons Ionization Møller (e − ) Bhabha (e + ) Bremsstrahlung 0.15 0.10 (cm 2 g −1 ) 0.05 0 1 Positron annihilation 10 100 1000 E (MeV) Figure 26.9: Fractional energy loss per radiation length in lead as a function of electron or positron energy. Electron (positron) scattering is considered as ionization when the energy loss per collision is below 0.255 MeV, and as Moller (Bhabha) scattering when it is above. Adapted from Fig. 3.2 from Messel and Crawford, Electron-Photon Shower Distribution Function Tables for Lead, Copper, and Air Absorbers, Pergamon Press, 1970. Messel and Crawford use X 0 (Pb) = 5.82 g/cm 2 , but we have modified the figures to reflect the value given in the Table of Atomic and Nuclear Properties of Materials (X 0 (Pb) = 6.37 g/cm 2 ). 26.4.2. Energy loss by electrons: At low energies electrons and positrons primarily lose energy by ionization, although other processes (Møller scattering, Bhabha scattering, e + annihilation) contribute, as shown in Fig. 26.9. While ionization loss rates rise logarithmically with energy, bremsstrahlung losses rise nearly linearly (fractional loss is nearly independent of energy), and dominates above a few tens of MeV in most materials Ionization loss by electrons and positrons differs from loss by heavy particles because of the kinematics, spin, and the identity of the incident electron with the electrons which it ionizes. Complete discussions and tables can be found in Refs. 8, 9, and 28. At very high energies and except at the high-energy tip of the bremsstrahlung spectrum, the cross section can be approximated in the “complete screening case” as [37] dσ/dk =(1/k)4αre{ 2 ( 4 3 − 4 3 y + y2 )[Z 2 (L rad − f(Z)) + ZL ′ rad ] + 1 9 (1 − y)(Z2 + Z) } (26.22) , where y = k/E is the fraction of the electron’s energy transfered to the radiated photon. At small y (the “infrared limit”) the term on the second line can reach 2.5%. If it is ignored and the first line simplified with the definition of X 0 giveninEq.(26.18), we have dσ dk = A X 0 N A k ( 43 − 4 3 y + y2) . (26.23) June 18, 2002 13:57
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