Concurrent Systems II - Bad Request - Trinity College Dublin

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Dependency • Independent sections of code can run independently. • We can analyse code for dependencies. ◾To preserve the meaning of the program; ◾To transform the program to reduce dependencies and improve parallelism. 28 Trinity College Dublin © Mike Brady 2007–2009
1 – Flow Dependence S1: write to location L S2: read from location L • Flow Dependence: S2 is flow dependent on S1 because S2 reads a location S1 writes to. ◾It must be written to (S1) before it’s read from (S2) 29 Trinity College Dublin © Mike Brady 2007–2009
Page 1 and 2: Concurrent Systems II (CS3D4/CS3BA2
Page 3 and 4: POSIX Threads • POSIX Threads aka
Page 5 and 6: Six Separate Threads Master Thread
Page 7 and 8: Where… • ‘thread’ is the ID
Page 9 and 10: Hello World -- Creating Threads int
Page 11 and 12: Hello World -- Thread Function void
Page 13 and 14: Wilde/Stoker/Ubuntu h-3.1$ cc -lpth
Page 15 and 16: Interaction • No thread interacti
Page 17 and 18: Interactions & Dependencies • Int
Page 19 and 20: …to do Parallel Programming • H
Page 21 and 22: Hardware Main Memory Level 2 Cache
Page 23 and 24: Shared Memory Machine • Each proc
Page 25 and 26: Concurrent Program • A Concurrent
Page 27: Communication • A parallel progra
Page 31 and 32: 3 - Output Dependence S1: write to
Page 33 and 34: Dependence in Loops j k k i 1 2 j 5
Page 35 and 36: How can we transform it? • We can
Page 37 and 38: Issues: • The variable sum, as wr
Page 39 and 40: Summarising: • We could paralleli
Page 41 and 42: Example • Sample function: y = 0.
Page 43 and 44: Synchronisation • We’ve looked
Page 45 and 46: Shared Variable S: Thread 1 after T
Page 47 and 48: Mutual Exclusion in pthreads. • M
Page 49 and 50: Shared Variable S Protected by Mute
Page 51 and 52: Lock and Unlock Mutex • pthread_m
Page 53 and 54: } /********** Critical Section ****
Page 55 and 56: Problem Tutorial • The transpose
Page 57 and 58: Producers and Consumers • Essenti
Page 59 and 60: Condition Variables (2) • Dramati
Page 61 and 62: From Thread U’s POV (2) • If C
Page 63 and 64: From Thread U’s POV (4) • Acqui
Page 65 and 66: Thread S (2) • Acquire Mutex M
Page 67 and 68: Semaphores • Computer Semaphores
Page 69 and 70: Semaphore Consumer ◾Acquire Mutex
Page 71 and 72: Semaphores (3) • Useful for count
Page 73 and 74: Sample Solution for ∏ • Calcula
Page 75 and 76: unsigned long long clock_cycles() {
Page 77 and 78: The Challenge of Concurrency • Co
Page 79 and 80:
Concurrent Execution • A concurre
Page 81 and 82:
Notation Trivial Concurrent Program
Page 83 and 84:
Trivial Concurrent Program p1: n
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Example — Jumping Frogs • A fro
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If the frogs can only move “forwa
Page 89 and 90:
State Diagrams for Processes • A
Page 91 and 92:
Book Reference Principles of concur
Page 93 and 94:
Correctness • (Correctness in Seq
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Using State machines • We can des
Page 97 and 98:
The Critical Section Problem (2)
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Observations & Implications • Rem
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Simplify Critical Section Problem i
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State Transitions r1,s1,1 r1: await
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Deadlock Free? • Deadlock Free: I
Page 107 and 108:
Scorecard Mutual Exclusion Deadlock
Page 109 and 110:
Attempt #2 Critical Section Problem
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Attempt #2 Fails… • Attempt 2 f
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Attempt #3 Critical Section Problem
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Page 117 and 118:
Attempt #4 loop forever Critical Se
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Page 121 and 122:
Attempt #5, derived from #4 Critica
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Verification of concurrent programs
Page 125 and 126:
A quick overview of some mathematic
Page 127 and 128:
A quick overview of some mathematic
Page 129 and 130:
Proving correctness by induction
Page 131 and 132:
A quick overview of some temporal l
Page 133 and 134:
A quick overview of some temporal l
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Temporal logic at work • Consider
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Promela • Promela [Protocol/Proce
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Process (2) • A process type (pro
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SPIN Hello World Example SPIN = Sim
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Promela Variables (2) • Arrays
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Statements (2) • The skip stateme
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If Statement if :: (n % 2 != 0) ->
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Atomic Statement atomic { stat1; st
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Process Execution / Evaluation Sema
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The Closed World Assumption • The
Page 155 and 156:
Process memory management • In a
Page 157 and 158:
Virtual memory • Give each proces
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Virtual memory 0 0 process 1 2 32 0
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Memory management requirements and
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E.g. Virtual memory implementation
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Multi-level page tables Virtual add
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Typical process memory layout memor
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Translation look aside buffer • E
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Page fault handling Start Access pa
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Fetch policy • When should a page
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Page replacement policy • A page
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Page replacement policy • First-I
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Clock Algorithm 179 Trinity College
Page 181 and 182:
Resident set management • Variabl
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Resident set management Local Repla
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Resident set management Δ Working
Page 187 and 188:
Resident set management 187 Trinity
Page 189 and 190:
Cleaning policy • Page buffering
Page 191 and 192:
Load control • We can use a few d
Page 193 and 194:
Process state transitions • Proce
Page 195 and 196:
Preemptive and nonpreemptive schedu
Page 197 and 198:
Scheduling algorithms • First-Com
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Scheduling algorithms • Shortest-
Page 201 and 202:
Scheduling algorithms • Priority
Page 203 and 204:
Scheduling algorithms • Round-Rob
Page 205 and 206:
Example Process Arrival Time Next B
Page 207 and 208:
Scheduling algorithms • Multi-lev
Page 209 and 210:
Scheduling algorithms • Multi-lev
Page 211 and 212:
Multi-processor scheduling • Flyn
Page 213 and 214:
Layered file I/O (1) Application Di
Page 215 and 216:
Disk access • Disks are slow ◾
Page 217 and 218:
Disk scheduling • So, the order i
Page 219 and 220:
Disk scheduling algorithms (2) •
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