B Positive – all you wanted to know about - ASHM

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28. romero Mr, effereth t, serrano Ma, castaño b, Macias ri, briz o, et al. effect of artemsinin/ artesunate as inhibitors of hepatitis b virus production in an ‘in vitro’ replicative system. antiviral res 2005;68:75–83. 29. Gunawan b, Kaplowitz n. clinical perspectives on xenobiotic-induced hepatoxicity. drug Metab rev 2004;36(2):301–2. 30. schiano td. Hepatotoxicity and complementary and alternative medicines. clin Liver dis 2003;7:453–73. 31. stedman c. Herbal hepatotoxicity. sem Liver dis 2002;22:195–206. 32. seeff Lb, Lindsay KL, bacon br, Kresina tf, Hoofnagle JH. complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2001;34(3):595–603. 33. stewart MJ, steenkamp V. Pyrrolizidine 34. poisoning: a neglected area in human toxicology. ther drug Monit 2001;23:698– 708. Pittler MH, ernst e. systematic review: hepatotoxic events associated with herbal medicinal products. aliment Pharmacol ther 2003;18(5):451–71. 35. australian Government department of Health and ageing, therapeutic Goods administration http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/ html/kavaspon.htm (cited on 02/12/07) 36. australian Government department of Health and ageing, therapeutic Goods administration new labelling requirements and consumer information for medicines containing cimicifuga racemosa. http:// www.tga.au/cm/0705blkcohosh.htm on 02/12/07) (cited 37. yeun Mf, tam s, fung J, Wong dK, Wong bc, Lai cL. traditional chinese Medicine causing hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic 38. hepatitis b infection: a 1-year prospective study. aliment Pharmacol ther 2006;24:1179– 1186. Liu JP, Mcintosh a, Lin H. chinese medicinal herbs for chronic hepatitis b. cochrane database syst rev. 2001;(2):cd002231. 39. Modi aa, Wright ec, seeff Lb. complementary and alternative medicine (caM) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis b and c: a review. antivir ther 2007;12:285–95. b Positive – all you wanted to know about hepatitis b: a guide for primary care providers 101
Appendix 1 Hepatitis B Fact sheet – for people living with chronic infection What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. it may be caused by infection with a virus, such as the hepatitis b virus. When hepatitis b virus enters the body it travels to the liver, where it lives and multiplies in liver cells. the presence of the virus in the liver stimulates the immune system to kill it. unfortunately, it is the body’s immune response, not the virus, that causes most of the inflammation and damage to the liver. the impact of hepatitis b infection depends on a person’s age when they become infected. infants with hepatitis b infection almost always develop a long-term (chronic) infection, whereas people who get the infection as adults have a 95% chance of clearing the virus from their body. Many people with hepatitis b do not get sick and do not know they have hepatitis b virus infection. some people experience tiredness, nausea (feeling sick) and jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin). infants rarely develop symptoms of infection. about 50% of adolescents and adults develop jaundice when they first get the infection, which is called acute hepatitis b. Chronic hepatitis B a person is diagnosed with chronic hepatitis b when they have the virus infection for longer than 6 months (confirmed through blood tests). chronic hepatitis b develops in approximately 5% of adults, some children and most infants with the infection. People with chronic hepatitis b are likely to have a lifelong infection, and although they generally remain in good health, they have an increased risk of developing serious complications, such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer. importantly, people with chronic hepatitis b have the potential to spread the infection if they do not follow some simple precautions. How is hepatitis B spread? Hepatitis b is spread when blood and other infected bodily fluids (including saliva, semen and vaginal fluids) enter the bloodstream either through a break in the skin or through mucous membranes. Hepatitis b virus can be spread as follows: � a pregnant woman with hepatitis b infection can transmit the infection to her baby at the time of birth—this is the most common way the virus is spread in developing countries around the world � Vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom � reusing injecting equipment � tattooing or body piercing � close contact, including the sharing of toothbrushes, razors, nail files or other personal items that may lead to the exchange of body fluids � blood transfusion (donated blood is now screened in most developed countries and so there is only a very small risk of infection. receiving a blood transfusion in some areas of the world can still be extremely risky) � accidental needlestick injury or splashing of infected blood or body fluids, especially for health care workers � contact sports 10 b Positive – all you wanted to know about hepatitis b: a guide for primary care providers
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all you wanted to know about hepati
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B Positive - all you wanted to know
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4 b Positive - all you wanted to kn
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Foreword in nsW, just seven cancers
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Executive Summary this monograph ai
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Executive Summary variable course o
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Executive Summary of the exposed he
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5 Figures and 2 Tables 1 Prevalence
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1 Prevalence and epidemiology of he
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VIROLOGY: VIRAL REPLICATION AND DRU
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2 Virology: viral replication and d
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3 Hepatitis B virus testing and int
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References 1. Milich d, Liang tJ. e
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NATURAL HISTORY OF CHRONIC HEPATITI
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4 Natural history of chronic hepati
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4 Natural history of chronic hepati
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PRIMARY PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS B V
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5 Primary prevention of hepatitis B
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Page 67 and 68: 8 Managing patients with advanced l
Page 69 and 70: 8 Managing patients with advanced l
Page 71 and 72: 9 Hepatitis B virus related hepatoc
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Page 83 and 84: INFECTION CONTROL AND OCCUPATIONAL
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Page 91 and 92: PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND OTHER
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Page 95 and 96: 12 Privacy, confidentiality and oth
Page 97 and 98: THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
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Page 101: 13 The role of complementary medici
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Page 107 and 108: Appendix 2 List of useful organisat
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 2 - Continued » Hepatitis
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Page 115 and 116: GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS Viral he
Page 117 and 118: Glossary and abbreviations GP: Gene
Page 119 and 120: Glossary and abbreviations Standard
Page 121 and 122: Index • HBV DNA level............
Page 123 and 124: Index liver transplantation........
Page 125: Notes 1 4 b Positive - all you want
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