Promoting renewable energies - RETS Project

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Biomass sourced liquid and gaseous fuels Introduction Biomass can be processed to produce liquid and gaseous fuels. Liquid fuels include Biodiesel (chemically modified vegetable oil), Bioethanol (ethyl alcohol from high sugar based feedstock), Methanol (methyl or wood alcohol) and Pyrolysis oil. Both biodiesel and ethanol are used in blends with diesel and gasoline respectively. Bioethanol/ gasoline blends can be up to 85% ethanol depending on application although 10% is more common. Biodiesel/diesel blends can be up to 20% biodiesel. Routes to Biogas production in the EU are threefold: Purpose built methanation plants on farms and food processing facilities: Landfill sites: Industrial effluent treatment plants. Dedicated methanation plants account for approximately two thirds of European production. Growth in biogas production is largely targeted at electricity production. Further processing of biogas to produce biomethane suitable for gas grid injection is also in a growth phase. Employment, market development and generating capacity In 2010 the total production of biogas energy was estimated to be nearly 11 000 ktoe. Biogas was responsible for the electrical production of over 30 000 GWh. Lead generators of biogas and biogas-sourced electricity are Germany, UK, Italy and France. It is estimated that employment linked with the manufacture and deployment of this technology across the EU is almost 53,000 with the employment league again mirroring national generation. The market is valued to be around €4,000 million. In 2010 the total consumption of biofuels for energy was estimated to be nearly 14,000 ktoe. Lead consumers of biofuels are Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Biogas plant, Denmark Gaseous fuels include Biogas (CH4/CO2), Producer gas (CO, H2, CH4, N2, CO2) and Synthesis gas (CO/H2). Biogas is produced by the anaerobic (oxygen-free) digestion of organic waste by bacteria and is typically up to 80% methane by volume with the remainder being principally carbon dioxide but also containing traces of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen. Producer gas is manufactured by heating woody material in the presence of insufficient air (partial oxidation). Synthesis gas is a similar gasification process utilising oxygen instead of air. EU resource assessment Over three quarters of all biofuel used in transport applications is Biodiesel with Bioethanol accounting for a further fifth of consumption. However the growth in Bioethanol demand outstripped that of biodiesel in 2010. It is estimated that employment linked with the manufacture and deployment of this technology across the EU is around 151,000 with the employment league again mirroring national generation. The market is valued to be over €13,000 million. Research, development and demonstration in the EU The key research areas for biogas and biofuel energy exploitation are: Optimised anaerobic digestion processes; Bioremediation of Landfill Leachate and Coproduction of Biodiesel; Diverting Food Waste From Landfills; Comparative anaerobic digestion vs. landfill gas production studies; Using algal biomass as feedstock; High temperature/pH enzyme engineering. 34 RETS Compendium – © 2012 RETS Consortium
Sources of Information General http://www.erec.org http://www.eurobserv-er.org/ http://www.eurec.be Geothermal and Ground Source Heat Pumps http://www.egec.org/ http://www.egshpa.com/ http://www.ehpa.org/ http://geothermal-energy.org/ Solar PV http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ http://www.epia.org Small Hydro http://www.esha.be/ http://www.british-hydro.org/ Solar thermal http://www.estif.org/ Wind http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/home--aboutthe-project.html Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels http://www.european-biogas.eu http://www.ebb.eu.org http://www.ebio.org http://www.epure.org http://www.ewea.org/ http://www.windatlas.dk/europe/About.html http://www.bwea.com/ Solid biomass http://www.aebiom.org/ http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fore/publi/2007_2011/broc hure_en.pdf http://www.eubia.org http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk Renewable Municipal waste http://www.cewep.eu/index.html http://www.municipalwasteeurope.eu/ RETS Compendium – © 2012 RETS Consortium 35
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Promoting renewable energies - RETS Project

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