CHAPTER 14: Remote Sensing of Soil, Minerals, and Geomorphology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Remote Sensing of Rock and Minerals Remote Sensing of Soils, Minerals, and Geomorphology Rocks are assemblages of minerals that have interlocking grains or are bound together by various types of cement (usually silica or calcium carbonate). When there is minimal vegetation and soil present and the rock material is visible directly by the remote sensing system, it maybe possible to differentiate between several rock types and obtain information about their characteristics using remote sensing techniques. Most rock surfaces consist of several types of minerals. 8
Remote Sensing of Rocks and Minerals Clark (1999) suggests that it is possible to model the reflectance from an exposed rock consisting of several minerals or a single mineral based on Hapke’s (1993) equation: r λ = [[(w’/4π) x (μ / μ + μ o )] x [(1+B g )P g + H μ H μ -1 o ] Where r λ is the reflectance at wavelength λ, w’ is the average single scattering albedo from the rock or mineral of interest, μ is the cosine of the angle of emitted light, u o is the cosine of the angle of incident light onto the rock or mineral of interest, g is the phase angle, B g is a back-scattering function, P g is the average single particle phase function, and H is a function for isotropic scatterers. Remote Sensing of Rocks and Minerals Using Spectroradiometers There are a number of processes that determine how a mineral will absorb or scatter the incident energy. Also, the processes absorb and scatter light differently depending on the wavelength (λ) of light being investigated. The variety of absorption processes (e.g., electronic and vibrational) and their wavelength dependence allow us to derive information about the chemistry of a mineral from its reflected or emitted energy. The ideal sensor to use is the imaging spectrometer because it can record much of the absorption information, much like using an in situ spectroradiometer. All materials have a complex index of refraction. If we illuminate a plane surface with photons of light from directly overhead, the light (R), will be reflected from the surface according to the Fresnel equation: R = [(n -1) 2 + K 2 ]/ [(n + 1) 2 + K 2 ] where n is the index of refraction, and K is the extinction coefficient. 9
Page 1 and 2: CHAPTER 14: Remote Sensing of Soil,
Page 3 and 4: Standard Soil Profile (U.S. Departm
Page 5 and 6: Spectral Reflectance Characteristic
Page 7: Organic Matter in a Sandy Soil Gene
Page 11 and 12: Relative Refle ectance Ind ndex of
Page 13 and 14: Rock Structure: Folding and Faultin
Page 15 and 16: Remote Sensing of Drainage Patterns
Page 17 and 18: Different Drainage Patterns Types o
Page 19 and 20: Panchromatic Stereopair of the Devi
Page 21 and 22: Three-dimensional Perspective View
Page 23 and 24: Geologic Cross-section section of t
Page 25 and 26: Panchromatic Stereopair of a Folded
Page 27 and 28: oxbow lake natural levee point bar
Page 29 and 30: Landsat Thematic Mapper Color Compo

CHAPTER 14: Remote Sensing of Soil, Minerals, and Geomorphology

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?