Rabies Guide 2010.pdf - the South African Veterinary Council

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TABLE 6: Clinical signs reported in histories submitted for 37 confirmed rabies cases in goats from September 1987 to December 1999 Clinical sign No. % Aggression 20 54 Behavioural changes 13 35 Difficulty in swallowing 11 30 Biting foreign objects 11 30 Abnormal vocalisation 11 30 Chasing chickens, cattle, other animals 10 27 Salivation 6 16 Bit human, other animal 5 14 Paralysis, paresis 4 11 Central nervous system disorder, confused, “crazy” 3 8 Not eating 3 8 “Nervy”, agitated, sensitive to noise/light 2 5 Self-mutilation, biting itself 2 5 Knuckling of fetlocks 2 5 Muscle twinges, spasms 1 3 Hiding away 1 3 “Chewing gum fit” 1 3 Hypersexual behaviour 1 3 Incoordination, ataxia 1 3 TABLE 7: Clinical signs reported in histories submitted for 13 confirmed rabies cases in horses from September 1987 to December 1999 Clinical sign No. % Aggression 8 62 Behavioural changes 6 46 Self-mutilation, biting itself 5 38 Biting foreign objects 4 31 Incoordination, ataxia 3 23 Bit human, other animal 3 23 Central nervous system disorder, confused, “crazy” 2 15 Chasing other animals 2 15 Muscle twinges, spasms 1 7 Pyrexia 1 7 Running in circles, running aimlessly 1 7 Slack or dropped jaw, jaw paralysis 1 7 22
Diagnosis Confirmation of a clinical diagnosis of rabies cannot be made by gross pathology or histology. Specific tests must demonstrate the presence of rabies antigen. Animals displaying signs of neurological disease, and all stray and wild animals suspected of exposing humans to rabies infection, should be euthanised for examination. The Directorate Veterinary Services may hold suspected cats and dogs in quarantine for observation by a veterinarian for a period of at least 10 days. 38 Animals displaying signs of illness during the period of observation are euthanased for laboratory examination. A vaccination history may be of some assistance during the assessment but greater reliance should be placed on the animal’s clinical picture. Although the inactivated veterinary vaccines used in South Africa are known to be extremely effective for periods exceeding three years following vaccination, there are compelling reasons for avoiding undue reliance on vaccination history alone. 18 These include: • the incorrect vaccine may have been administered • the incorrect dosage and route may have been used • the vaccine might have passed its expiry date • the vaccine may have been incorrectly handled or stored • the animal may have been misidentified • vaccination may have been performed after infection had already occurred • the animal may have been immuno-suppressed • the animal may have been diseased or in poor condition when vaccinated • the animal may have been very young at vaccination and not boosted at three months. In addition, rabies has rarely been recorded in fully immunized animals. Laboratory diagnosis Rabies tests on domestic and wild animal specimens are performed at approved laboratories. Presently the Rabies Unit at the Agriculture Research Council- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) near Pretoria, and the Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory (APVL), Pietermaritzburg are the approved laboratories in South Africa. The Rabies Unit at OVI is also recognized as the OIE Regional Rabies Reference Centre for Southern and Eastern Africa. Plate 16: The fluorescent antibody test is used routinely to diagnose rabies in the brain tissue of animals and humans. Note the oval applegreen Negri bodies which are diagnostic of the disease It is essential that a complete history of the animal involved and the circumstances surrounding the collection of the specimen be supplied to the laboratory. Specimen forms may be obtained from the OVI or APVL. The specimen form appearing as Fig. 6, page 31, may be reproduced and used for submission to either laboratory. State veterinarians must also receive a copy of the completed specimen form when the animal’s brain is sent to the laboratory. The state veterinarian must send a copy of this form to the provincial Department of Health for the attention of the section responsible for communicable It is essential that a complete history of the animal involved and the circumstances surrounding the collection of the specimen be supplied to the laboratory 23
Page 1: S e c o n d E d i t i o n 2 0 1 0 R
Page 4 and 5: Cover photo: Brain material, staine
Page 6 and 7: TRIBUTE TO GEORGE BISHOP He passed
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reviewers and cont
Page 10 and 11: RABIES IN SOUTH AFRICA Historical a
Page 12 and 13: Table 1: Cases of rabies-related vi
Page 14 and 15: mongoose cycle accidental victims
Page 16 and 17: Shedding of virus in saliva usually
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 3: The distribution of rabies
Page 20 and 21: Fig. 4: Geographical locations of r
Page 22 and 23: Transmission and epidemiology An un
Page 24 and 25: where rabies awareness is heightene
Page 26 and 27: Plate 12: Inquisitive cattle are of
Page 28 and 29: TABLE 4: Clinical signs reported in
Page 32 and 33: disease control if they suspect tha
Page 34 and 35: Plate 17: Terminal rabies can be co
Page 36 and 37: Plate18: Basic equipment needed for
Page 38 and 39: Reporting procedure and documentati
Page 40 and 41: RABIES IN HUMANS 32 Epidemiology of
Page 42 and 43: isk of transmission during slaughte
Page 44 and 45: 36 Fraudulent vaccines, nerve-tissu
Page 46 and 47: Human antirabies immunoglobulin The
Page 48 and 49: vaccine product be used for an enti
Page 50 and 51: Diagnosing human rabies The clinica
Page 52 and 53: packaging in secure rigid secondary
Page 54 and 55: RABIES LEGISLATION Human rabies and
Page 56 and 57: “All dogs and cats in the Republi
Page 58 and 59: Republic of South Africa Directorat
Page 60 and 61: Bite contact Dog vaccinated by a re
Page 62 and 63: Director: Veterinary Services _____
Page 64 and 65: RABIES CONTROL STRATEGIES 56 It is
Page 66 and 67: less labour-intensive than central-
Page 68 and 69: Additional measures enhancing rabie
Page 70 and 71: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS • How
Page 72 and 73: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. WILKINSON, L. 1988.
Page 74 and 75: 35. BLANCOU, J., AUBERT, M.F.A. & A
Page 76 and 77: of the Advisory Committee on Immuni
Page 78 and 79: 1999. A study of human rabies immun
Page 80 and 81:
72 Control and Hospital Epidemiolog
Page 82 and 83:
Nel, L.H. 2007. Molecular epidemiol
Page 85 and 86:
Appendix 2 1. Assess the risk of t
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