Rabies Guide 2010.pdf - the South African Veterinary Council

contents
TRIBUTE TO GEORGE BISHOP_ ______iv
FOREWORD________________________ v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS_____________vi
Reviewers and contributors_ _____________vi
Secretarial and administrative services_ _____vi
Rabies advisory group __________________vi
Photographs and illustrations_____________vi
INTRODUCTION___________________ 1
RABIES IN SOUTH AFRICA___________ 2
Historical aspects______________________ 2
Rabies and rabies-related viruses__________ 3
Pathogenesis and immunity in humans
and animals__________________________ 7
Pathogenesis_________________________ 7
Immunity_ _________________________ 8
RABIES IN ANIMALS_________________ 9
Species involved_______________________ 9
Transmission and Epidemiology_________ 14
Clinical signs _______________________ 15
Diagnosis___________________________ 23
Laboratory diagnosis_________________ 23
Differential diagnosis_________________ 24
Prevention of Rabies__________________ 26
Pre-exposure vaccination ______________ 26
Post-exposure prophylaxis_ _____________ 26
Procedures to be followed when rabies is
suspected in animals_________________ 27
Collection and dispatch of specimens______ 27
Reporting procedure and documentation___ 30
RABIES IN HUMANS________________ 32
Epidemiology of human rabies__________ 32
Rabies and the developing world_________ 32
Distribution in South Africa___________ 32
Transmission to humans_______________ 32
Preventing human rabies_ ______________ 34
Pre-exposure prophylaxis_______________ 34
High-risk occupational groups___________ 34
Children in rabies-endemic areas________ 35
Rabies and travellers_________________ 35
Management of humans exposed to rabies__ 36
Assessing risk after exposure_____________ 36
Management of the wound_____________ 37
Human antirabies immunoglobulin_ _____ 38
Rabies vaccines_____________________ 38
Diagnosing human rabies______________ 42
Clinical picture_ ____________________ 42
Confirming rabies in humans___________ 43
Managing clinical rabies______________ 44
RABIES LEGISLATION______________ 46
Human rabies and the law______________ 46
Negligence_________________________ 46
The Health Act (Act No. 63 of 1977)_____ 46
Postmortem________________________ 46
Animal rabies and the law_ _____________ 46
Vaccination________________________ 47
Interprovincial movement restrictions_ ____ 48
Export from South Africa______________ 48
Import into South Africa_ _____________ 49
Rabies contact animals________________ 51
Quarantine facilities_________________ 53
RABIES CONTROL STRATEGIES_____ 56
Large-scale vaccination_________________ 56
Cordon vaccination___________________ 56
Ring vaccination_ ____________________ 56
Door-to-door vaccination______________ 57
Central-point vaccination______________ 57
Oral vaccination_____________________ 57
Key factors which influence success_______ 58
Additional measures enhancing rabies
control programmes___________________ 60
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS_ _ 62
Expert advice on rabies________ 63
Rabies educational videos____ 63
BIBLIOGRAPHY____________________ 64
APPENDIX 1_ ______________________ 75
APPENDIX 2_ ______________________ 77
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