Nanoparticles for in-vitro and in-vivo biosensing and imaging

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34 Bibliography [47] Doremus R.H. J. chem. Phys., 40:2389, 1964. [48] Tang Y; Ouyang M. Nature Materials, 6:757–759, 2007. [49] Llnaert T.; Mulvaney P.; Henglein A. J.Phys.Chem., 97:679–682, 1993. [50] Yu Y.; Chang S.; Lee C. and Wang C.R.C. J. phys. Chem. B, 101 (34):6661, 2005. [51] Van der Zande B.M.I.; Bohmer M.R.; Fokkink L.G.J. and Schonenberger C. J. phys. Chem. B, 101:852, 1997. [52] Mohamed M.B.; Ismael K.Z.; Link S. and El-Sayed M.A. J. phys. Chem. B, 101:852, 1997. [53] Link S.; Mohamed M.B. and El-Sayed M.A. J. phys. Chem. B, 103:3073, 1999. [54] Gans R. Annln Phys., 47:270, 1915. [55] Foss C.A.; Hornyak G.L.; Stockert J.A. and Martin C.R. J. Phys. Chem, 98:2963, 1994. [56] Lisiecki I.; Billoudet F. and Pileni M.P. J. Phys. Chem, 100:4160, 1996. [57] Lisiecki I. and Pileni M.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:3887, 1993. [58] Link S.; El-Sayed M.A. J. Phys. Chem. B, 103:8410, 1999. [59] Murphy C.J.; Sau T.K.; Gole A.M.; Orendorff C.J.; Gao J.; Gou L.; Hunyadi S.E.; Li T. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109 (29):13857, 2005. [60] Sherman A.I.; Ter-Pogossian M. Cancer, 6:1238, 1953. [61] Connor E.E.; Mwamuka J.; Gole A.; Murphy C.J.; Wyatt M.D. Small, 1:325, 2005. [62] Hao E.; Schatz G.C.; Hupp J.T. Fluorescence, 14:331, 2004.
Chapter 2 Principles 2.1 Basics of Fluorescence Optical Spectroscopy Luminescence is the emission of light from any substances and occurs from electronically excited states [1]. It is divided in two categories: fluorescence and phosphorescence, depending on the excited state nature. Singlet excited states give rise to fluorescence; triplet states to phosphorescence. In the singlet state S 1 the electron e − in the excited orbital is paired (of opposite spin) to the second e − in the ground state, S0, therefore the transition to S0 (S 1 → S 0 ) is allowed and occurs rapidly: 10 −8 s ; so the typical fluorescence lifetime is 1-10 ns (for lifetime one means the average time a molecule spends in the excited state before coming back to the ground state). Phosphorescence is generated by transition from the triplet excited state T 1 in which the e − has the same spin orientation of the e − in S 0 : than the transition T 1 → S 0 is forbidden and its rate is slow compared with that of S 1 → S 0 : 10 −3 - 10 0 s so the phosphorescence lifetime is from millisecond to second, significantly larger than that of fluorescence; this makes these two emission processes simply separable from a spectroscopic point of view [1]. Usually fluorescence comes from aromatic molecules: among the most used are the coumarins, the fluoresceines and the rhodamines. The first observation of fluorescence goes back to 1845 by Sir John Frederick William Herschel [2]. Fluorescence data are presented as emission spectra, i.e. a plot of the intensity vs. wavelength. This characteristic depends upon the chemical structure of the fluorophore and shows the structure due to the individual vibrational energy levels of the ground and the excited state. The absorption end emission of light can be described in terms of the Jablonsky diagram [3] (Figure 2.1). 35
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO B
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS 3 3.2 Dynamic Light scatte
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 5 5.15.2 Spectral characte
Page 7 and 8: Introduction In the last two decade
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 9 then we have applied the
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Metal nanoparticles 1.1 N
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 13 carry out reactions in
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 15 donor and the metal at
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 17 Figure 1.4: Surface pl
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 19 where the scattering a
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 21 screens the surface ch
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 23 easily be seen from eq
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 25 The first is equal to
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 27 dipole approximation a
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 29 used for disease or ca
Page 31 and 32: Bibliography [1] Nanotoxicology: na
Page 33: Chapter 1 33 [30] Bohren CF; Huffma
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 2 37 A direct consequence o
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 39 be considerably more c
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 41 Figure 2.5: Effect of
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 43 2.4 Two-photon excited
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 45 m = λV MI hc 2 N A (2
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2 47 P SF OP E (u, v) = |h(
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 49 renditions of the spec
Page 51 and 52: Bibliography [1] Lakowicz J.R. In p
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 53 [29] Born M. and Wolf
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 3 55 3.2 Dynamic Light scat
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 3 57 where n is the refract
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 3 59 with g V H (t) ∝ β
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 61 κ m (Γ) = dm K(−τ
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 3 63 that plagues conventio
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 3 65 set equal to the new p
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 3 67 the molecules. In orde
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 3 69 number of molecules in
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 3 71 γ 1 G(τ) = V ex 〈C
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3 73 Figure 3.2: Auto-corre
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 3 75 electronic distortions
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 3 77 Figure 3.5: left panel
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 3 79 p 1 (k, V 0 , ɛ) = 1
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 3 81 3.9.3 Photon Moment An
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 3 83 Figure 3.6: Schematic
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Bibliography [1] Chu B. In Laser Li
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Chapter 3 87 [27] Eigen S.M. and Ri
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Chapter 3 89 [53] Chen Y., Tekmen M
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Chapter 4 91 • L.Sironi, S.Freddi
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Chapter 4 93 die. Mutations in the
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Chapter 4 95 arm of chromosome 17.
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Chapter 4 97 shown that one of the
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Chapter 4 99 DNA replication while
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Chapter 4 101 4.2). The ratio R = [
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Chapter 4 103 The polydispersity of
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Chapter 4 105 The fitting of the FC
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Chapter 4 107 the streptavidin (4.5
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Chapter 4 109 29 nm for the 10 nm s
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Chapter 4 111 A 1 Γ 1 (nm) λ 1 (n
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Chapter 4 113 Figure 4.8: (Left: Fl
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Chapter 4 115 been systematically i
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Chapter 4 117 Figure 4.12: Left: Me
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Chapter 4 119 at the basis of the o
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Chapter 4 121 presence of p53, comp
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Chapter 4 123 Figure 4.17: The figu
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Chapter 4 125 from probably aspecif
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Chapter 4 127 Figure 4.21: Panel A:
Page 129 and 130:
Bibliography [1] Anker J. N.; Hall
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Chapter 4 131 [47] Das P.; Metiu H.
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Chapter 5 133 In this chapter the c
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Chapter 5 135 Figure 5.1: Left:Symm
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Chapter 5 137 5.3 Experimental deta
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Chapter 5 139 back aperture of the
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Chapter 5 141 5.4.2 Transmission El
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Chapter 5 143 For anisotropic branc
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Chapter 5 145 coefficient D is then
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Chapter 5 147 Figure 5.9: ACF of th
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Chapter 5 149 measured through a ve
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Chapter 5 151 objective in epifluor
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Chapter 5 153 The fitting of FCS cu
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Chapter 5 155 Sample Population (%)
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Chapter 5 157 5.8 Concentration eva
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Chapter 5 159 Figure 5.17: Emission
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Chapter 5 161 5.12 Dependence of TP
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Chapter 5 163 Figure 5.22: Histogra
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Chapter 5 165 5.13 Cellular uptake
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Chapter 5 167 Figure 5.29: NPs obta
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Chapter 5 169 Figure 5.33: Autofluo
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Chapter 5 171 5.14 Photothermal eff
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Chapter 5 173 Figure 5.37: ζ-poten
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Chapter 5 175 Temperature [ ◦ C]
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Chapter 5 177 In figure 5.39 the fl
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Chapter 5 179 P [mW] < τ > [ns] 10
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Chapter 5 181 The dependence of the
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Chapter 6 183 Currently, only alumi
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Chapter 6 185 tact organ studies, a
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Chapter 6 187 with liquid flow chan
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Chapter 6 189 Figure 6.1: DC in clo
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Chapter 6 191 • New contrast agen
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Chapter 6 193 experiments by flowin
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Chapter 6 195 it has discontinuitie
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Chapter 6 197 P t. rection. If all
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Chapter 6 199 Figure 6.6: Commonly
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Chapter 6 201 Figure 6.9: 3D and 2D
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Chapter 6 203 Figure 6.11: (A) NK c
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Chapter 6 205 are somehow confined,
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Chapter 6 207 Figure 6.15: Distance
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Chapter 6 209 Figure 6.18: (A)The s
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Chapter 6 211 Figure 6.21: The figu
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Chapter 6 213 Figure 6.24: Paramete
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Chapter 6 215 of the natural killer
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Chapter 6 217 and CD8 + T cells, is
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Chapter 6 219 6.10.1 TLRs TLRs are
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Chapter 6 221 arise from myeloid pr
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Chapter 6 223 of infection, primari
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Chapter 6 225 Figure 6.30: Lymph-no
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Bibliography [1] A. Diaspro, G. Chi
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Chapter 6 229 [25] E. O. Long. Regu
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Chapter 6 231 [47] S. H. Wei, M. J.
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Chapter 6 233 [72] S. Fossum and W.
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Chapter 235 mode-locked cavity. Thi
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Chapter 237 Figure 6.34: Energy lev
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Chapter 239 Figure 6.37: Prisms seq
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Chapter 241 part of the TE300 and t
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Chapter 243 Figure 6.42: The Olympu
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Chapter 245 a f=100 mm bispherical
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Chapter 247 are just events’ dete
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Chapter 249 smaller quartz cell (He
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Chapter 251 needed to a linear corr
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Chapter 253 Figure 6.48: Channel ar
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Chapter 255 ming for burst height a
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Chapter 257 • M. Caccia, T. Gorle
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