Salt Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste

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Table 4. Areas of interest and possible assessment methods Area of Interest Specific Data Need Assessment Methods Response of the DRZ • Validation of constitutive model to combined thermal • Permeability as a function of damage • Field demonstrations and mechanical • Seal system design effects • International collaborations • Laboratory testing • In situ testing • Analogue comparisons • Model development Consolidation of backfill materials Availability and movement of brine Vapor phase transport mechanisms Radionuclide solubility controls Potential radionuclide transport mechanisms Waste degradation Gas generation and pressure buildup Buoyancy of waste packages Radiolysis of waste materials, waste packages, and salt Climate change • Thermal conductivity as a function of porosity • Consolidation constitutive model with temperature dependence • 3-D coupled analysis tools • Field test measurements and validation • Further development of theory • Module development for coupled codes • Field test validation • Establish viability of scenario for radionuclide solubility studies • Establish viability for transport mechanisms • Evolution of the disposal room • Source term • Source term • Ensure seal system function • Consensus from international peers • Establish the basis • Review application to HLW repository in salt • Local climate scenarios • Coupled analysis tools for thermalhydrologic-mechanical simulation of long-term processes • Numerical studies of long-term evolution • Laboratory testing • In situ testing • Microscopy • Code capability development • International collaboration • Literature review • Historic field measurements • In situ testing • Viability of conceptual model workshop • Code capability development • International collaboration • Laboratory testing • In situ testing • International collaboration • Laboratory testing • Theory development • International collaboration • In situ testing • Literature research • International collaboration • Analogue comparisons • International collaboration • Analogue comparisons • Workshop with consensus report • Literature review • Workshop with consensus report • Literature research • International collaboration • Analogue comparisons • Numerical site studies 70
This analysis only addresses general research needs as they are distinct from the information that is needed to actually site a repository. That information would be specific to a site and would encompass the detailed geotechnical description of the candidate salt site and overlying stratigraphy and the verification of codes predicting the thermal and mechanical response of the rock mass with site specific data. The proposed research and development roadmap comprises four general elements: Laboratory Testing, Modeling and Simulations, Workshops and International Collaborations, and Field Testing. In a chronologic sense, some laboratory studies can be started in the immediate future and would begin by adding to the data bases accumulated when the U.S. supported salt repository research (before the amendments to the NWPA in 1987). The science-based testing would provide long-term benefit and could be scoped at an appropriate level of effort commensurate with national policy. Modeling and simulation would naturally progress as described in the main text: first a benchmark comparison of existing capabilities could be initiated with similarly motivated international colleagues. These benchmarks would illuminate existing capabilities as well as needed development. The third initiative for international collaborations includes components of laboratory testing and modeling, to be sure, but also supports a workshop environment for discussion, definition, and reconciliation of technical issues. Ultimately, based on advancements from laboratory testing, enhancement of model capability, and workshop deliberations, a proof-of-principle field test could be deployed. This roadmap will provide the science basis for HLW salt repository design and performance assessment. 5.3 Laboratory Studies Laboratory Thermal and Mechanical Studies. Several information gaps have been identified in the realm of thermal-mechanical salt response, which can be addressed in laboratory studies. Collaborative work with international researchers could lay the foundation for laboratory experiments on both intact and granular salt that provide information to the constitutive models. Any field test proof-of-principle testing would require the latest models to facilitate deployment (see Section 5.4 below). Laboratory testing could readily inform remaining uncertainties in material phenomenology and process description, particularly mathematical description of granular salt reconsolidation under isostatic loading at elevated temperature. In related but separate investigations, thermal conductivity of crushed salt can be readily determined as a function of porosity and temperature, during reconsolidation. For thermal conductivity studies, an oedometer press could be manufactured to perform heated consolidation simultaneously with line-source radial conductivity testing. Preliminary hot, intact salt phenomenology and brine migration could be initiated. Consolidation is widely considered a key phenomenon for HLW disposal in salt, an evaluation that was reinforced by the consensus of the U.S./German workshop participants. 71
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SANDIA REPORT SAND2011-0161 Unlimit
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SAND2011-0161 Unlimited Release Pri
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
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NOMENCLATURE CFR DOE DRZ EPA FEP HL
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1 INTRODUCTION While the need for i
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that deep geologic disposal in salt
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To the extent that regulatory guida
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Table 1. Salt and potash mines in t
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steel canisters and horizontal plac
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Considerable qualitative support fo
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Table 2. Qualitative comparison of
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Source: Sandia National Laboratorie
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2.2 Salt Repository Design A mine l
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Page 32 and 33: provides frame of reference for sha
Page 34 and 35: Healing conditions are created once
Page 36 and 37: permeability tests on Salado salt s
Page 38 and 39: terms of principal stresses. Stress
Page 40 and 41: Cross-hole and same-hole velocity m
Page 42 and 43: Figure 4. DRZ development and heali
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Page 48 and 49: The thermal properties of the crush
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Page 52 and 53: educing conditions is the reaction
Page 54 and 55: materials would also have an impact
Page 56 and 57: coefficient models exist (e.g., the
Page 58 and 59: and international researchers toget
Page 60 and 61: a very high level for the purpose o
Page 62 and 63: epresented in the FEP list, undersc
Page 64 and 65: • Response of the modified system
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Page 68 and 69: 4.4 Availability and Movement of Br
Page 70 and 71: Recent developments in Germany and
Page 72 and 73: 6. Damage Induced Permeability. Mec
Page 75 and 76: 5 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Deep
Page 77: 7. A HLW repository in salt is expe
Page 81: enchmarking program would continue
Page 84 and 85: Brodsky, N.S. 1990. Crack Closure a
Page 86 and 87: Grauer, R., B. Knecht, P. Kreis, an
Page 88 and 89: Knipping, B. 1989. Basalt Intrusion
Page 90 and 91: Plummer, L.N., D.L. Parkhurst, G.W.
Page 92 and 93: Wawersik, W.R., and D.W. Hannum. 19
Page 94 and 95: In the FEPs numbering scheme for WI
Page 96 and 97: WIPP FEP ID — FEP Name — Descri
Page 108 and 109: 1 Jack Moody Director, State Minera
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Salt Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste

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