Salt Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste

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In the FEPs numbering scheme for WIPP, as shown in the following table, FEPs are categorized as “Natural FEPs,” “Waste- and Repository-Induced FEPs,” and “Human-Induced Events and Processes.” ID numbers of Natural FEPs begin with N (e.g., N1, N2, etc.); IDs of Waste- and Repository-Induced FEPs begin with W (e.g., W1, W2, etc.); IDs of Human-Induced Events and Processes begin with H (e.g., H1, H2, etc.). The FEPs are also considered within time frames during which they may occur. Because of the regulatory requirements concerning human activities, two time periods were used when evaluating Human-Induced EPs. These time frames were defined as (1) Historical, Current, and Near-Future Human Activities and (2) Future Human Activities. In the table, they are annotated as “HCN” and “Future,” respectively. One of the first activities to be undertaken if a salt repository option were to be investigated as a disposal option for UNF and HLW would be consideration of the FEPs screening table given below. Introduction of new waste forms with attendant heat and radioactivity will likely, as suggested in this report, add some key FEPs to the performance assessment analyses. 86
WIPP FEP ID — FEP Name — Description N1—Stratigraphy—Disposition and properties of geological formations control system performance. N2—Brine Reservoirs—Pressurized brine reservoirs may be present in the Castile beneath the controlled area. N3—Changes in Regional Stress—Tectonic activity on a regional scale may change levels of stress. N4—Regional Tectonics—Tectonic setting of the region governs current level of stress. N5—Regional Uplift and Subsidence—Tectonic activity on a regional scale could cause uplift and subsidence. N6—Salt Deformation—Salt formations may deform under gravity or other forces. N7—Diapirism—Buoyancy forces may cause salt to rise through denser rocks. N8—Formation of Fractures—Changes in stress may cause new fracture sets to form. N9—Changes in Fracture Properties—Changes in the local stress field may change fracture properties such as aperture and asperity. N10—Formation of New Faults—Tectonic activity on a regional scale could cause new faults to form. N11—Fault Movement—Movement along faults in the Rustler or in units below the Salado could affect the hydrogeology. N12—Seismic Activity—Ground shaking may give rise to cracking at free surfaces such as the roof of the repository. N13—Volcanic Activity—Igneous material feeding volcanoes or surface flows could affect disposal system performance. N14—Magmatic Activity—Subsurface intrusion of igneous rocks could affect disposal system performance. N15—Metamorphic Activity—High pressures and/or temperatures could cause solid-state recrystallization changes. N16—Shallow Dissolution—Percolation of groundwater and dissolution in the Rustler may increase transmissivity. N18—Deep Dissolution—Dissolution cavities in the Castile or at the base of the Salado may propagate toward the surface. N20—Breccia Pipes (Solution Chimneys)—Formations above deep dissolution cavities may fracture. N21—Collapse Breccias—Dissolution may result in collapse of overlying units. N22—Fracture Infills—Precipitation of minerals as fracture infills can reduce hydraulic conductivities. N23—Saturated Groundwater Flow—Groundwater flow beneath the water table is important to disposal system performance. N24—Unsaturated Groundwater Flow—The presence of air or other gas phases may influence groundwater flow. N25—Fracture Flow—Groundwater may flow along fractures as well as through interconnected pore space. WIPP Screening Classification Included in undisturbed performance scenarios Included in disturbed performance scenarios Screened out based on low consequence Screened out based on low probability Screened out based on low probability Included in undisturbed performance scenarios (near repository) Screened out based on low consequence Included in undisturbed performance scenarios (near repository) Screened out based on low probability Included in undisturbed performance scenarios Screened out based on low probability Screened out based on low consequence Screened out based on low probability Included in undisturbed performance scenarios Screened out based on low probability Screened out based on low probability Screened out based on low probability Screened out based on low consequence– beneficial Included in undisturbed performance scenarios Included in undisturbed performance scenarios 87
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SANDIA REPORT SAND2011-0161 Unlimit
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SAND2011-0161 Unlimited Release Pri
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CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...........
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NOMENCLATURE CFR DOE DRZ EPA FEP HL
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1 INTRODUCTION While the need for i
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that deep geologic disposal in salt
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To the extent that regulatory guida
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Table 1. Salt and potash mines in t
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steel canisters and horizontal plac
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Considerable qualitative support fo
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Table 2. Qualitative comparison of
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Source: Sandia National Laboratorie
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2.2 Salt Repository Design A mine l
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placed over the waste canisters for
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other possible modes of interferenc
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provides frame of reference for sha
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Healing conditions are created once
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permeability tests on Salado salt s
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terms of principal stresses. Stress
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Cross-hole and same-hole velocity m
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Figure 4. DRZ development and heali
Page 44 and 45: can be limited, changed, or otherwi
Page 46 and 47: natural salt extracted from the rep
Page 48 and 49: The thermal properties of the crush
Page 50 and 51: mechanical behavior and hydraulic p
Page 52 and 53: educing conditions is the reaction
Page 54 and 55: materials would also have an impact
Page 56 and 57: coefficient models exist (e.g., the
Page 58 and 59: and international researchers toget
Page 60 and 61: a very high level for the purpose o
Page 62 and 63: epresented in the FEP list, undersc
Page 64 and 65: • Response of the modified system
Page 66 and 67: analysis and performance assessment
Page 68 and 69: 4.4 Availability and Movement of Br
Page 70 and 71: Recent developments in Germany and
Page 72 and 73: 6. Damage Induced Permeability. Mec
Page 75 and 76: 5 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Deep
Page 77 and 78: 7. A HLW repository in salt is expe
Page 79 and 80: This analysis only addresses genera
Page 81: enchmarking program would continue
Page 84 and 85: Brodsky, N.S. 1990. Crack Closure a
Page 86 and 87: Grauer, R., B. Knecht, P. Kreis, an
Page 88 and 89: Knipping, B. 1989. Basalt Intrusion
Page 90 and 91: Plummer, L.N., D.L. Parkhurst, G.W.
Page 92 and 93: Wawersik, W.R., and D.W. Hannum. 19
Page 96 and 97: WIPP FEP ID — FEP Name — Descri
Page 108 and 109: 1 Jack Moody Director, State Minera
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Salt Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste

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