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42 GREEN ECONOMY Challenges and opportunities Green economy and/or sustainable development? Donald Sawer Nº 8 • June 2011 IISD (2010). Summary of the Fifth Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) Dialogue on Forests, Governance and Climate Change, 22 June 2010. Lahsen, M. (2010). Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to global environmental change: challenges and pathways for an action-oriented research agenda for middle-income and low-income countries. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, n.2, 364-74. Latouche, S. (2005). Vers la décroissance ou écodémocratie. Le Monde Diplomatique, 52(620). Lesbaupin, I. (2010). Por uma nova concepção de desenvolvimento. Le Monde Diplomatique Brasil, nov., p.32. Lusiani, N. (2010). Human rights can fix our broken agricultural system, advocates argue. Retrieved from: . Machado, T. C. (2010). Ignacy Sachs: a <strong>Rio+20</strong> deveria superar a Rio-92. Retrieved from: . Martins, A. (2010). Fórum Social Mundial: adeus à autoreferência? IPS/Envolverde, 28 jan. MCT (2010a). Consolidação das recomendações da 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Brasília: Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. MCT (2010b). Livro azul: 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Brasília: Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. MMA (2010). Plano de ação para produção e consumo sustentáveis: PPCS. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Pirard, R., Billé, R. and Sembrès, T. (2010). Questioning the theory of payments for ecosystem services (PES) in light of emerging experience and plausible developments. Analyses, n.4, 10 jun. Prins, G. et al. (2010). The Hartwell paper: a new direction for climate policy after the crash of 2009. Oxford: Institute for Science, Innovation and Society. Sachs, I. (2010). In search of three-win solutions: the challenges of the 2012 Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development. Paper prepared for the 2nd International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi-arid Regions (ICID 2010). Fortaleza, Ceará, August 16-20. Salati, E. (coord.) (2009). Economia das mudanças climáticas no Brasil: estimativas da oferta de recursos hídricos no Brasil em cenários futuros de clima (2015-2100). Revisado. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (FBDS). Santilli, J. (2005). Socioambientalismo e novos direitos: proteção jurídica à diversidade biológica e cultural. São Paulo; Peirópolis; Brasília: Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil (IEB). Sanwal, M. (2011). Vision for the <strong>Rio+20</strong> Summit. MEA Bulletin, n.111, p.1.2, 11 mar. Sawyer, D. (2011). A global climate treaty? Ein globaler Klimavertrag? Un traité mondial sur le climat? EuroChoices, 10(1), p.45. Sukhdev, P. (2010). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Retrieved from: . Sukhdev, P (2011). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity in national and international policy making. Retrieved from: . Sousa Júnior, J. G. (2010). O direito e a cidadania. Darcy, n.5. nov./dec. UN (2011). Synthesis report on best practices and lessons learned on the objective and themes of the conference. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: . UNDP (2010). World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, Cochabamba, Bolivia, 19-22 April 2010: summary and analysis. New York: United Nations Development Programme. UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: pathways to Sustainable Development and poverty eradication; a synthesis for policy makers. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Varella, M. D. and Leuzinger, M. D. (2008). O meio ambiente na Constituição de 1988: sobrevoo por alguns temas vinte anos depois. Revista de Informação Legislativa, v.45, no.179, jul./sep., p.397-402. World Bank (2010). Economics of adaptation to climate change: synthesis report. Washington: World Bank. 136p.
43 GREEN ECONOMY Challenges and opportunities International perspectives of the transition to a low-carbon green economy 1 Eduardo Viola 2 In it ia l c o n s id e r a t io n s A fundamental dimension of an international green economy is the low carbon intensity, which will be the focus of this article. A solid transition to a green economy assumes the continuous reduction of carbon emissions in developed countries, an accelerated decrease in the emissions growth curve starting before 2020 and the establishment of a stabilizing year for emerging mid-income countries, in addition to an accelerated decrease in the carbon intensity of GDP globally. In the case of rich countries, there should be an accelerated decrease in per capita emissions, and in the case of mid-income countries, an accelerated reduction in the carbon intensity of GDP and a light and continued fall in per capita emissions. Poor countries would still be allowed space to increase their per capita emissions. Emissions of GHG grew by 3% during the first decade of the 21st century, according to information from the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 3 . Including figures from diverse sources on deforestation in Brazil and Indonesia, the main emitters in 2009 were: China, responsible for 24% of the global total (and a 5% annual growth over the last decade), the US with 19% of total emissions (and 0.8% annual growth), the European Union (27 countries) with 15% of the total (growing at 0.3% annually), India with 7% of the total (growing at 6% per year), Russia with 5% of the total (and annual growth of 5%), Brazil with 4% of the total (4% annual growth until 2004, which drastically reduced between 2005 and 2009), Indonesia with 4% (growing by 4% per year), Japan with 3.5% (0.4% annual growth), Mexico with 2.5% of the total (growing at 2% annually), Canada with 2% of the total (growing at 1.5% per year), South Africa with 1.5% per year (growing at 2% per year), South Korea with 1.5% of the total (growing by 0.7% annually) and Saudi Arabia with 1.5% of the total (growing at 6% per year). Nº 8 • June 2011 1. Article written to be published by Conservation International in a volume about green economy. 2. Full Professor at the Institute of International Relations, University of Brasília, Coordinator of the Climate Change and International Relations Research Network and Senior Researcher at the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development. 3. The most important institute producing data on greenhouse gas emissions in the world.
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