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8 GREEN ECONOMY Challenges and opportunities Preface advances in so-called green technologies, which tend to be a differential. Political, technical, scientific-technological, financial and economic cooperation between the two, in the more than necessary race towards a green economy, could generate mutual benefits. This special edition presents ideas for advancing in the direction of a green economy. It brings reflections from some of the main Brazilian specialists – and ‘Brazilianists’ – on the subject, in a search to respond to the key questions raised by the green economy in general and in a country such as Brazil. Eighteen articles gather the contributions of experts from diverse affiliations and origins. Elements that may form the basis for the green economy discussion in Brazil are hereby released. Enjoy the reading! References World Bank (2010). Estudo de baixo carbono para o Brasil. Available at: . IPCC (2007). IPCC fourth assessment report: climate change 2007. Available at: . Marcovitch, Jacques (coord.) (2010). Economia da mudança do clima no Brasil: custos e oportunidades. São Paulo: IBEP Gráfica. NAE - Núcleo de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República (2005). Cadernos NAE, série mudança do clima, n. 3, February. Brasília: Núcleo de Assuntos Estratégicos da Presidência da República, Secretaria de Comunicação de Governo e Gestão Estratégica. Stern, Nicholas (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: the Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. TEEB (2011). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions and recommendations of TEEB. Available at: . UNDP (2010). Actuar sobre el futuro: romper la transmisión intergeneracional de la desigualdad. Informe regional sobre desarrollo humano para América Latina y el Caribe 2010. New York: UNDP. UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers. Available at: . Nº 8 • June 2011
9 GREEN ECONOMY Challenges and opportunities Executive Summary The first article, written by Helena Pavese, puts forth the concept of green economy and main results of the report “Towards a green economy: pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication”, launched in February 2011. Starting from the finding of elevated levels of ecosystem services degradation and, therefore, of natural capital, the author presents the Green Economy Initiative, launched with the intention of identifying the social and economic risks and costs generated by current standards of excessive natural resource use, as well as the opportunities for a transition to more sustainable practices. From this Initiative, the Report on green economy emerged, whose main results Pavese succinctly outlines. It is concluded that green economy is possible and desirable, as it is capable of aligning income and employment generation with poverty eradication and natural capital conservation. Alexandre D’Avignon and Luiz Antônio Cruz Caruso analyze the UNEP report from a critical perspective. They affirm that the Report represents a qualitative leap in the sense of introducing values that go beyond maximizing utility. They reveal the necessity of thinking about the green economy transition in a systemic way, where human activities are merely a subsystem of civil society, which in turn is a subsystem of the universe (or the biosphere and its set of living and inanimate matter). They argue that other theoretical lines, in addition to the neo-classical theory, can provide important insights about the issues in question. Ecologic economics would offer a more systemic approach and schumpeterian and neo-schumpeterian theories could assist in rethinking the economy from the perspective of technology as a vector of transformation of human societies. These approaches give consideration to alternative solutions that are flexible and of a local character, and conducive to an effective transition to a green economy. Nº 8 • June 2011 Donald Sawyer analyzes the relationship between green economy and sustainable development concepts. Sawyer draws attention to the risk of green economy acquiring an exclusively economic (or economistic) shape, where market instruments and pricing of natural resources would prevail to the detriment of measures of a different nature. Thus, Sawyer asserts that other dimensions are relevant to the green economy, such as social, ethical, cultural, political and judicial, etc. The author claims that the green economy should necessarily be public in a greater sense, implemented through policies that guarantee rights to all and maintain ecosystem functions interlinked, so that this concept becomes concrete, instrumental and popular, in complementarity to and connection with the sustainable development concept, that is more abstract, diplomatic and governmental.
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