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• There are 75 million girls out of primary<br />
and lower secondary school. 4<br />
• A girl in Southern Sudan is more likely<br />
to die in childbirth than finish primary<br />
school. 5<br />
• As many as 150 million girls and young<br />
women under 18 have experienced forced<br />
sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual<br />
violence involving physical contact. 6 The<br />
first experience of sexual intercourse in<br />
adolescence for a large number of girls is<br />
unwanted and even coerced. 7<br />
• Globally, young women aged 15 to 24<br />
account for 64 per cent of HIV infections<br />
<strong>am</strong>ong young people. In sub-Saharan<br />
Africa young women aged 15 to 24 are<br />
more than twice as likely to be infected as<br />
young men in the s<strong>am</strong>e age group. 8<br />
• <strong>Girl</strong>s who give birth before the age<br />
of 15 are five times more likely to<br />
die in childbirth than women in their<br />
twenties. 9 Pregnancy and childbirth<br />
are an important cause of mortality for<br />
girls and young women aged 15 to 19<br />
worldwide. 10<br />
• <strong>Girl</strong>s continue to be raised in households<br />
where they are expected to shoulder the<br />
burden of household labour alongside<br />
their mothers: they spend between 33<br />
and 85 per cent more time on unpaid care<br />
work than boys. 11<br />
• Thousands of girls marry at a very young<br />
age, before their bodies are fully formed.<br />
For ex<strong>am</strong>ple, in Bangladesh, the Central<br />
African Republic, Chad, Guinea and Niger<br />
the figure is over 60 per cent. 12<br />
Ensuring that girls and young women are<br />
free from discrimination is a matter of justice.<br />
It is also a basic human right promoted by<br />
the United Nations Convention on Human<br />
rights, the Convention on the rights of<br />
Children (CRC) and the Convention on the<br />
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination<br />
against Women (CEDAW). International<br />
legal standards like these, and those at a<br />
national level, are crucial if girls and young<br />
women are to be protected.<br />
But they are not enough. This treatment<br />
does not happen in a vacuum. It happens<br />
within an established system of power where<br />
violence against women and girls is all too<br />
frequent – and is often condoned by society.<br />
So why do men behave in this way towards<br />
J a n e H a h n<br />
women? And how can women and men<br />
work together to prevent it?<br />
Part of the answer lies in understanding<br />
why men and boys do what they do, and by<br />
working with boys and young men as their<br />
behaviour and perceptions of themselves –<br />
and of the opposite sex – are being formed.<br />
How can we ensure that a 15 year-old<br />
or 10 year-old or even a six year-old boy<br />
sees his sisters and mothers and aunts and<br />
friends who are girls as equals? How would<br />
this begin to make a difference to gender<br />
inequality?<br />
This report will demonstrate that one way<br />
of doing this is to work with boys and young<br />
men directly. This can begin to break the<br />
cycle of inequality and violence that moves<br />
down the generations from father to son.<br />
Irma, from Pueblo Nuevo in the Dominican<br />
Republic, is part of a violence prevention<br />
progr<strong>am</strong>me in her community. She points<br />
out: “Men who have been victims as children<br />
go on to abuse their kids. We want to break<br />
this cycle.” 13<br />
This cycle does not just harm women<br />
and girls, it also d<strong>am</strong>ages men and boys.<br />
Concepts of ‘traditional’ masculinities<br />
force them to behave in ways that make<br />
them uncomfortable. They may not dare<br />
to express their emotions, or they may<br />
experience violence themselves and then<br />
take it out on others; or they may have to<br />
pretend to be heterosexual or homophobic<br />
when they are not.<br />
But gender inequality is not just about<br />
individual attitudes and behaviours. It<br />
permeates our structures and institutions,<br />
where for the most part men are the primary<br />
authority figures. Women continue to have<br />
<strong>Girl</strong>s at work<br />
in Ghana.<br />
less power than men in almost all societies<br />
and situations around the world – from<br />
parli<strong>am</strong>ent to business, from the home to<br />
the workplace. And both men and women<br />
continue to accept notions of masculinity<br />
that contribute to this imbalance of power.<br />
Working with young men and boys<br />
for gender equality and women’s rights<br />
means challenging how this power operates<br />
between the sexes, and then reconstructing<br />
it for the benefit of all. Boys and young<br />
men need to have the time and space to<br />
be able to define what being a man means<br />
for them. Meaningfully engaging boys and<br />
young men in refr<strong>am</strong>ing healthy and nonviolent<br />
definitions of masculinity is critical<br />
in promoting the rights of girls and young<br />
women – and ensuring that the goal of<br />
gender equality is reached.<br />
Gender equality: all about trust<br />
Nikki van der Gaag talks to young people<br />
in El Salvador about gender equality,<br />
homosexuality – and who does the<br />
washing up.<br />
Most conversations with young people<br />
about gender in El Salvador seem to<br />
start with a discussion about who cleans<br />
the toilet and washes the dishes. Young<br />
people see domestic labour as something<br />
that impacts directly on their lives. It is<br />
also a symbol of change in what both<br />
sexes acknowledge is a very ‘machista’<br />
society.<br />
Jenny, aged 17, from Opico, says<br />
indignantly that she does all the work,<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
N i k k i v a n d e r G a a g<br />
while her brother just watches TV. But<br />
Juan Carlos, from Cuidad Arce, says that<br />
if he does the housework or looks after<br />
his siblings his friends sometimes tease<br />
him and say that he is gay. The young<br />
men and women all agree that there is<br />
discrimination against gay and lesbian<br />
people in their society, and they link this<br />
directly to ‘machismo’. In the traditional<br />
way of looking at it, there is only one<br />
way of being a man – being tough, strong<br />
and probably violent. And certainly not<br />
wielding a broom or a dishcloth.<br />
Jenny and Juan Carlos have been able<br />
to talk about these issues as part of a<br />
wider debate that <strong>Plan</strong> is generating<br />
<strong>am</strong>ong young people in El Salvador about<br />
parenting, about what it means to be<br />
a man or a woman, about equal rights,<br />
equal opportunities – and ultimately<br />
about how to build a more equal society,<br />
free of discrimination and violence.<br />
El Salvador has a long way to go when<br />
it comes to gender equality. It is fourth<br />
from the bottom of the gender index in<br />
Defining ages and stages<br />
Much of the work with young people does not distinguish by sex or by age: it is work with<br />
‘women’ or with ‘children’ and sometimes with ‘youth’. We argue that differentiation by<br />
age and sex is crucial. Although there are other important distinctions – race, ethnic origin,<br />
religion, class – a 10 year old is very different from an 18 year old and often girls’ and<br />
young women’s needs are very different from those of boys and young men.<br />
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as anyone<br />
under the age of 18, unless the age of majority is lower.<br />
For the purposes of this report, a girl or boy is anyone up to the age of 18 and a young<br />
woman or man up to 25 years.<br />
The common age labels applied to children and young people<br />
Children<br />
Youth<br />
Young people<br />
Adolescents<br />
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24<br />
Juan Carlos<br />
12 the s tate of the world’s girls 13