Manufacture Of Brick Tiles From Local Raw Materials, N & NE Iraq.

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(JZS)Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani,dec, 2005, 8(1) Part A(31-45) %*&ÏögÐOÚA rÐG%& gÐGÀÐµÐËÑÁÊÁ@µ ÑÁ@¾âÌºkÒÙÁ?iÒg@¡Ù} brake of these samples at temperatures 950 and 1050 °C [16]. While samples 9 and 14 were melted at temperature 1050 °C. This is due to high percent of flux material content such as FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O,.. etc[20, 21]. Minerals illite, smectite, chlorite and hematite are sources of these materials(table 2). According to Rhoades[22] the linear shrinkage less than 8% may be used in ceramic industries. Hence all fired samples at temperature 950 °C, except samples 8 and 13 may be used for this purpose. In general, above the temperature 850 °C the water absorption capacity decreased, the porosity diminshed, and the bulk density with compressive strength increased abruptly (Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 , Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8)for all fired samples, except sample 8 which is broke and sample 7 and 10 are increased. This is owing to vertification and decomposition of minerals content of raw materials and the crystallization of new silicate minerals filling the pores presented between the particles or creat during the drying and firing of tiles[2, 5, 21]. According to [23] for the effloresence test of fired briquettes at temperature 850 °C, the samples may be classified as follows; samples 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are heavy efflorescence (more than 50% of the area covered by deposits and salt). The samples 1, 7 and 10 are moderately efflorescence (10-50% of the area covered by salt), while the samples 3, 6 and 13 are slightly efflorescence because less than 10% of the surface area covered by salt. In general for all fired samples that are remained at temperatures 950 and 1050 °C, the effloresence test shows the decreasing of covered area by deposits and salt. So the samples with heavy effloresence change to moderate and those with moderate change to slightly efflorescence. This is related to escaping of volatiles such as SO3, Cl,..etc during the increasing of firing tempreature and lowering the percentage of salt content in raw materials[2, 16]. Table 5. The results of linear shrinkage % of fired tiles at temperatures 850, 950 and 1050 °C . S.No. Linear shrinkage % S. No. Linear shrinkage % 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 1 2.92 4.65 17.36 8 0.39 - - 2 2.12 4.32 7.82 9 1.54 1.55 * 3 4.1 4.50 5.12 10 2.12 2.50 2.80 4 1.89 1.62 17.17 11 0.86 1.80 1.63 5 1.84 0.88 - 12 1.64 2.00 7.33 6 3.19 3.25 4.00 13 10.50 9.7 8.75 7 8.51 7.90 9.00 14 1.37 0.35 * Note : - Broken tiles * Melted tiles. Table 6. The results of apparent porosity % for fired tiles at temperatures 850, 950 and 1050 °C . S.No. Apparent porosity % S. No. Apparent porosity % 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 1 38.50 42.80 36.30 8 45.31 - - 2 50.90 40.10 35.40 9 27.11 27.27 * 3 36.17 35.92 30.91 10 30.90 34.50 37.50 4 42.62 50.90 13.00 11 33.33 31.25 30.00 5 40.90 37.12 - 12 42.11 47.36 36.36 6 36.36 34.54 33.33 13 27.20 37.00 36.95 7 33.33 47.68 46.30 14 27.86 38.59 * Note : - Broken tiles * Melted tiles. 40
(JZS)Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani,dec, 2005, 8(1) Part A(31-45) %*&ÏögÐOÚA rÐG%& gÐGÀÐµÐËÑÁÊÁ@µ ÑÁ@¾âÌºkÒÙÁ?iÒg@¡Ù} Table 7. The results of water absorption % of fired tiles at temperatures 850, 950 and 1050 °C . S.No. Water absorption % S. Water absorption % 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C No. 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 1 49.00 54.00 33.30 8 58.00 - - 2 59.50 40.30 32.70 9 21.33 20.00 * 3 34.00 31.00 30.10 10 25.00 28.50 30.00 4 40.00 52.00 6.55 11 28.57 28.57 26.00 5 40.90 35.40 - 12 42.11 46.15 20.51 6 33.33 33.92 25.00 13 29.50 28.70 28.33 7 25.00 45.60 48.30 14 24.28 33.84 * Note : - Broken tiles * Melted tiles. Table 8. The results of bulk density (gm/cm 3 ) for fired tiles at temperatures 850, 950 and 1050 °C . S.No. Bulk density (gm/cm 3 ) S. Bulk density (gm/cm 3 ) 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C No. 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 1 1.02 1.05 1.09 8 1.23 - - 2 1.59 1.60 1.66 9 1.27 1.36 * 3 1.06 1.10 1.19 10 1.80 1.42 1.25 4 1.07 1.03 1.57 11 1.17 1.29 1.32 5 1.41 1.53 - 12 1.00 1.03 1.77 6 1.10 1.02 1.33 13 1.10 1.25 1.30 7 1.03 1.00 1.04 14 1.15 1.14 * Note : - Broken tiles * Melted tiles. Table 9. The results of compressive strength (N/mm 2 ) for fired tiles at temperatures 850, 950 and 1050 °C . S.No. Compressive strength (N/mm 2 ) S. No. Compressive strength (N/mm 2 ) 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 850 °C 950 °C 1050 °C 1 7.33 3.91 20.97 8 5.44 - - 2 3.67 14.2 13.14 9 38.29 76.30 * 3 3.26 8.92 15.87 10 0.05 10.70 16.23 4 8.68 13.12 112.08 11 4.98 24.54 26.66 5 20.43 9.82 - 12 12.80 33.78 57.14 6 26.66 34.18 55.55 13 15.12 20.94 57.14 7 22.72 23.67 13.26 14 33.31 38.27 * Note : - Broken tiles * Melted tiles. 41
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Manufacture Of Brick Tiles From Local Raw Materials, N & NE Iraq.

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