Manufacture Of Brick Tiles From Local Raw Materials, N & NE Iraq.

(JZS)Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani,dec, 2005, 8(1) Part A(31-45)
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Conclusions
From this study the following points can
be concluded:
1. According to the results of particle size
analyses and plotting on the Winkler
diagram, the samples 2, 4, 7, 10 and 13
may be used for manufacturing perforate
bricks, the samples 5, 9, 11 and 12 are
suitable to manufacture roofing tiles and
the samples 3 and 14 could be used for
manufacturing thin wall products.
2. The plasticity values show that sample
no. 7 is super plastic, samples13 and 14
are poorly plastic while the other samples
are moderatly plastic. The Rieke index
indicates that samples 3, 9, 10, 12, 13 and
14 are suitable for ceramic industries.
3. X-ray diffractograms show that the
samples are constitute of clay minerals
(i.e. smectite, illite, palygorskite, kaolinite
and chlorite) and non-clay minerals;
quartz, calcite, dolomite, plagioclase, talc
and hematite.
4. The linear shrinkage test shows that all
samples fired at 950 °C, except 8 and 13
may be used for ceramic industries.
5. Above temperature 850 °C the water
absorption capacity decreased, the
porosity diminished and the density
increased in all samples, except samples 7,
8 and 10. According to [24] the accepted
percent of water absorption range
between 1 to 37 %, hence all fired
samples at temperature 1050 °C, except
samples 5, 7, 8, 9 and 14 could be suitable
for manufacturing clay building bricks.
6.According to [25] the sample no.9 that
is fired at 950 °C may be used for
manufacturing of solid bricks which are
used in loaded bearing wall not subjected
to humidity and change in weather( class
B, compressive strength range between
11-16N/mm 2 and water absorption 20-
26%), while the samples 10, 11 and 13
may be used for manufacturing of
perforated or hollow bricks in porotion
and not subjected to humidity (class C,
compressive strength range between 7-
11N/mm 2 and water absorption 26-29% ).
7. The efflorescence test indicates
presenting of three groups of bricks;
heavy moderate and slightly
efflorescence.
8. The samples containing high CaCO3
(i.e. samples 5 and 8) and high SiO2
(sample no. 14) preferred to be fired at
low firing temperature before extensive
decomposition of CaCO3 and SiO2, which
occurred at about 950 °C.
9-In general, reffering to all properties
after firing it can be concluded that the
most suitable samples for brick
manufacture are samples 9, 10, 11 and 13
and the best firing temperature is 950°C.
These samples are returned to Fatha,
Gercus and Red beds Formations.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the department of
building, College of Engineering,
University of Sulaimani, for permitting
the using of instrument and devices at
their laboratories. We thank Dr.Kamal A.
Rasheed for his constructive discussions.
Thanks are due to the Hand Work Center
in Sulaimani, for permitting using its kiln.
We furthermore would like to extent our
thanks to Mr. Qader Mirkhan, who helped
us with firing the ceramic tiles.
References
[1] Gindy, L. and Al-Rawi, S., Manufacture of engineering brick and acid resistant tiles and
pipes from local raw materials, Baghdad, Building Research Journal, , 1987, 5,2.
[2] Dondi, M., Fabbri,B. and Vincenzi, S., Raw materials for the heavy –clay industry in
Emilia-Romagna and Marche(centeral-N Italy), 1992, Geological Carpathica Clays, 2,
Bratislova, 83-90.
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