Assam - Ministry of Environment and Forests

9.4 Sone Lake
Name
Location
Area
Altitude
Wetland Type
Climate
Description
Socio-Economic
Value
Threats and
Conservation
Issues :
Sone Lake
24° 40' 00" N, 92° 26' 10" E
District : Karimganj, Ownership : State / Private
2914 ha
40m
Lakes/ponds
Rainfall : >3,000 mm
Temperature : 7 °C to 36 °C
Sone beel is the largest wetland in Assam. It is in Karimganj district of southern Assam. Son beel is
accessible from Hailakandi and Karimganj towns. The lake is 12.5 km long and 3.9 km wide, with a
35.4 km shoreline. The catchments of the lake has ravines, slopes and hilly terrains, with loamy,
sandy or gravelly soil in the plains and fine-grained sandstones in the hilly region. It is flanked by
hills on its west and east. In winter, the extent is becomes fragmented and totaling as low as 500 ha
of area.
The Shingla River, originating in Mizoram, is the only major inlet as well as outlet of Son beel
wetland. Further downstream, there is another large lake known as Rata beel, beyond which the
Shingla river bifurcates into two rivers Kochua and Kakra which drain the lake water into the
Kushiyara River. Barringtonia acutangula is the main tree that grows in the beel besides reeds such
as Arundo donax and various aquatic plants. Son Beel, is a reservoir of 70 species of fish belonging
to 49 genera under 24 families have been recorded. Mostly made up of Puntius chola followed by
Labeo rohita, Wallago attu. It is also home to a large number of resident bird species such as the
bareheaded goose, adjutant stork, lesser whistling teal, white-breasted water hen, spotted dove and
purple heron. More than 150 species of birds have been recorded, although the actual diversity
must be much more. The lake attracts thousands of waterfowl. Not information is there on
mammals, reptiles and amphibians of this important wetland. However, only two species of otters
(Lutra lutra and Lutrogale perspicillata) are found. There are unconfirmed reports of Fishing Cat
Prionailurus viverrina. Hog Deer Axis porcinus is also reported but its number is much reduced due
to poaching and disturbance.
The wetland supports a locally important fishery and reed harvesting industry, and provides
excellent opportunities for sport hunting and scientific research. As a water way more than 50
country Boats are plying every day on regular Transport Service. About 300 families fully depend on
income from Boat Services for six months. Similar number of families are engaging in Boat making
factory in a form of rural Artisans. Inland transport services can be promoted to link up 4 AP with
Dist. Head Quarters. Sone beel touches 9 numbers of G.Ps. directly and double of the number
along the inlet and towards the outlet and acts as source of drinking water for these areas. The beel
is a traditional fishing ground for ages. More than 35,000 families are directly dependent on the
Beel for traditional fishing. Extensive fertile and flat land around and along the water body has
potentially to higher yield from agricultural crop.
Reclamation and paddy cultivation, Siltation, Excessive fishing and Poaching of birds are major
threats to this wetland.
The entire area has been silted up and reclaimed to a great extent. Winter paddy is widely grown,
and that again has threatened the beel by accelerating reclamation and siltation. Excessive fishing
activities disturb the wetland biodiversity. However, there is proposal by Government of Assam to
declare this wetland as a Ramsar Site.
Plate 13: Sone Lake
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