9700_y16_sy

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology 9700 syllabus Syllabus content
18 Biodiversity, classification and conservation
The biodiversity of the Earth is threatened by human activities and climate change. Classification systems
attempt to put order on the chaos of all the organisms that exist on Earth. Field work is an important part
of a biological education to appreciate this diversity and find out how to analyse it. There are opportunities
in this section for candidates to observe different species in their locality and assess species distribution
and abundance. Conserving biodiversity is a difficult task but is achieved by individuals, local groups,
national and international organisations. Candidates should appreciate the threats to biodiversity and
consider the steps taken in conservation, both locally and globally.
Candidates will be expected to use the knowledge gained in this section to solve problems in familiar and
unfamiliar contexts.
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
18.1 Biodiversity
Biodiversity is much more than
a list of all the species in a
particular area.
a) define the terms species, ecosystem and niche
b) explain that biodiversity is considered at three different levels:
• variation in ecosystems or habitats
• the number of species and their relative abundance
• genetic variation within each species
c) explain the importance of random sampling in determining the
biodiversity of an area
d) use suitable methods, such as frame quadrats, line transects,
belt transects and mark-release-recapture, to assess the
distribution and abundance of organisms in a local area
e) use Spearman’s rank correlation and Pearson’s linear
correlation to analyse the relationships between the
distribution and abundance of species and abiotic or biotic
factors
f) use Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D) to calculate the
n 2
biodiversity of a habitat, using the formula D = 1–
NΣN NO
O
and
state the significance of different values of D
18.2 Classification
Organisms studied locally
may be used to show how
hierarchical classification
systems are organised.
a) describe the classification of species into the taxonomic
hierarchy of domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus and species
b) outline the characteristic features of the three domains
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
c) outline the characteristic features of the kingdoms Protoctista,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
d) explain why viruses are not included in the three domain
classification and outline how they are classified, limited to
type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) and whether these are
single stranded or double stranded
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