mcbem-2014-01-submission-wwf-en
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threshold shifts in hearing ability. Marine animals that lose their ability to hear the sound of<br />
approaching predators or the ability to detect their prey acoustically are at greater risk of mortality.<br />
Ultimately, in certain conditions high-<strong>en</strong>ergy noise can result in direct mortality.<br />
It is not within the scope of this backgrounder to provide a full review of the pot<strong>en</strong>tial impacts of<br />
underwater noise on marine life, and there are many refer<strong>en</strong>ces that address this topic in significant<br />
detail. A number have be<strong>en</strong> published within the last 10 years, almost all of which call for further<br />
research (Table A9). This list is not compreh<strong>en</strong>sive, but rather a sampling of the literature. The<br />
complete refer<strong>en</strong>ce is provided in the Relevant Literature section of this backgrounder.<br />
Table A9. A selection of rec<strong>en</strong>t literature on the effects of underwater noise on marine life. Complete<br />
details of each refer<strong>en</strong>ce are provided in the Relevant Literature section below. This list is not<br />
compreh<strong>en</strong>sive.<br />
Author (date)<br />
NRC (2003)<br />
IACMST (2006)<br />
Nowacek et al. (2007)<br />
Southall et al. (2007)<br />
Weilgart (2007)<br />
Wright and Highfill (2007)<br />
Wright (2008)<br />
Boyd et al. (2008)<br />
Hawkins et al. (2008)<br />
OSPAR (2009)<br />
Popper and Hastings<br />
(2009)<br />
Slabbekoorn et al. (2<strong>01</strong>0)<br />
Normandeau and<br />
associates (2<strong>01</strong>2)<br />
Popper and Hawkins<br />
(2<strong>01</strong>2)<br />
Focus of paper<br />
A synthesis of what is known about marine mammals and noise<br />
A summary report on the effects of underwater noise on marine<br />
life from a UK perspective<br />
A review of behavioural response of marine mammals to noise<br />
A review of the impacts of noise on marine mammals with criteria<br />
for noise exposure standards for the US<br />
A synthesis of the impacts of noise on cetaceans<br />
A collection of papers on the effects of noise on marine life<br />
A review of the impacts of shipping noise on marine mammals<br />
A draft research strategy to assess the effects of noise on marine<br />
mammals<br />
A collection of papers pres<strong>en</strong>ted at the 2007 ‘Effects of noise on<br />
aquatic life’ confer<strong>en</strong>ce in Nyborg, D<strong>en</strong>mark<br />
A synthesis of the impacts of underwater noise on marine life<br />
A synthesis of the effects of anthropog<strong>en</strong>ic noise on fish<br />
A synthesis of the consequ<strong>en</strong>ces of increasing ambi<strong>en</strong>t noise levels<br />
for fish<br />
A synthesis of the effects of noise on fish and invertebrates<br />
A collection of papers pres<strong>en</strong>ted at the 2<strong>01</strong>0 ‘Effects of noise on<br />
aquatic life’ confer<strong>en</strong>ce in Cork, Ireland<br />
Acknowledgem<strong>en</strong>ts<br />
A sincere thanks to WWF Canada for providing me the opportunity to share my thoughts on underwater<br />
noise with others, and to Ross Chapman, Lindy Weilgart and Lance Barrett-L<strong>en</strong>nard for their feedback on<br />
earlier drafts. Any errors or omissions are completely my own.<br />
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