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Table 2.6. cont’d Species Ewondo English French Uses Coffea canephora Café Robusta coffee Café Robusta Cash crop fruit Carica papaya Fofo Papaya Papaye Fruit Coula edulis Kome African walnut Noisette sauvage Fruit similar to groundnut Trichoscypha acuminata Mvout Raisin pahouin Fruit Baillonella toxisperma Ebouma adjap Makore Oily nuts Spondias cytherea Kasmanga Otabeite apple Pomme cythere Fruit Monodora myristica Ndin Faux muscadier Spice Dacryodes edulis Sa Plum, bush-butter Safoutier Fruit Dacryodes macrophylla Tom Balsamier Fruit Tetrapleura tetrapleura Akwa Tetrapleura Tetrapleura Spice, medicine snake repellent Irvingia gabonensis Ndok Dika nut Manguier Seed, fruit sauvage Ricinodendron africanum Ezezan Oil seed, grilled nuts Scorodophloeus zenkeri Olon Arbre à l’ail Bark / seed / spice medicine Xylopia aethiopica Bakoui Guinea pepper Poivre Hard wood éthiopien Psidium guajava Ebuma, afele Guava Goyave Fruit Annona muricata Sap-sap Soursop Corossole Fruit Artocarpus communis Owondo ntanga Breadfruit Arbre à pain Fruit (var. sminifera) Artocarpus communis Belefout Breadfruit Arbre à pain Fruit (var. asperma) Mushrooms Var.:-Bikokoebiyoko, doumou, kokono, tolong Mushrooms Champignon Meat, spice Shifting cultivation vs. rotational fallow. Traditional shifting cultivation starts with clearing the undergrowth of primary forest. Cocoyam and plantain are planted first; the felling of trees and burning follow one month later. After burning, cucumber (‘ngon’) is seeded between felled trees together with the associated maize. The cucumber overgrows tree stumps and felled trunks and is harvested after six to eight months. Maize is harvested first; cocoyam and plantain are harvested continuously over a longer period (more than 5 years) if soil fertility is high and pest and disease problems are low. Chromolaena fallow takes over the land progressively. Gradually the Chromolaena fallow turns to forest and cropping returns to start with a cucumber field (see Figure 2.2). With the use of chain saw, the limited labour to open primary forest, and the limited access to new land, the traditional shifting cultivation described above is more and more giving way to what may be called ‘rotational fallow’. That is, clearing is followed directly by felling of trees and burning before planting cocoyam and plantain. Also, farmers tend to rotate in an area of less than 10 hectares, where they clear each season, either Chromolaena fallow (age 3 to 5 years) to plant groundnut and associated crops, or bush fallow (age 7 to 9 years) to plant groundnuts and plantain with other associated crops, or forest fallow (age more than 10 years) to plant cucumber with associated crops. Size of food crop fields. An individual farmer may open two to three food crop fields a year: one or two during the first growing season (March - June), and one during the second growing season (August - November). 16
The size of a food crop field varies between 0.3 to 1.5 ha per season. An individual farmer may have one large food crop field (more than 1 ha) or 2 average food crop fields (around 0.5 ha each) in the first cropping season and only one average food crop field (around 0.5 ha per year) during the second season, for a total of 1 to 2 ha per year. Sequence of activities in a forest derived food crop field Sequence of activities in a fallow derived food crop field Dates Activities Dates Activities Dec / Jan Clearing of undergrowth Jan or July Clearing of fallow Planting of Plantain and cocoyam Burning of dry biomass Trees felling End Feb or mid Aug Removing of unburned twigs (Cleaning) End Feb Burning of dry biomass Tilling and seeding of maize, groundnut, cocoyam, cassava Seeding cucumber and maize April or Oct First weeding June Maize harvesting June/July or Nov/Dec Groundnut and maize harvesting + second weeding Aug -Oct Cucumber harvesting Re-densification of cassava (increasing the cassava density) From Dec to > 2 Yrs Cocoyam and plantain harvesting From Dec or next June to > 2 Yrs Cocoyam and cassava harvesting Figure 2.2. Sequences of farmers’ activities in forest and fallow derived food crop fields Keys: Jan = January; Feb = February; Aug = August; Oct = October; Nov = November; Dec = December; > 2 Yrs = greater than 2 years. Distance to the food crop fields. Most farmers have food crop field at a distance of more than 3 km from their home; but this longer distance may not exceed 5 km, though exceptional cases may exist. Three main reasons may explain the location of the food crop field far away in the forest: - the first reason is the search for fertile land; land near the compound is less fertile; - the second reason is to avoid animal divagation; and - the third reason is the unavailability of land closer to the village and the inheritance of land that is far away from the village. However, some farmers have land at a distance of less than 1.5 km; or even less than 1 km, in exceptional cases. The reasons for having food crop field near the village are that farmers 17
Page 2 and 3: Farming systems in the evergreen fo
Page 4 and 5: ABSTRACT Nounamo, L. and Yemefack,
Page 6 and 7: 4.3.4 Relationship between commerci
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE This report presents the fi
Page 10 and 11: stability and structure, and the de
Page 12 and 13: (calcium), le pourcentage de satura
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1.1. Location map of the TCP
Page 16 and 17: 600 28 500 27 Rainfall (mm) 400 300
Page 18 and 19: low pH (3.8 to 5) and a high clay c
Page 20 and 21: Characteristics of the four sub-sit
Page 22 and 23: 2.2.7 Household labour study The st
Page 24 and 25: Roads may temporarily be closed, du
Page 26 and 27: swamps and valley bottoms are also
Page 30 and 31: dispose of land near the village, o
Page 32 and 33: The heat may, however, reduce the g
Page 34 and 35: is an activity practised by nearly
Page 36 and 37: The crop production activity takes
Page 38 and 39: Table 2.17. Priority socio-economic
Page 40 and 41: 3 ASPECTS OF SOIL DEGRADATION UNDER
Page 42 and 43: 3.2.3 Laboratory soil analyses Soil
Page 44 and 45: The magnitudes of changes are inver
Page 46 and 47: as it is practised in shifting cult
Page 48 and 49: 15 years. The vegetation evolves th
Page 50 and 51: Organic matter. Organic carbon incr
Page 52 and 53: Microbial Biomass Carbon C (ugC/g s
Page 54 and 55: processes on soil chemical properti
Page 56 and 57: soil, result in loss of soil aggreg
Page 58 and 59: 4 TRENDS IN FIELD EXPANSION AND SOI
Page 60 and 61: Greenland, 1960; Sanchez, 1976; Vol
Page 62 and 63: 5 SOLUTIONS TO FARMERS’ PROBLEMS
Page 64 and 65: Integrated Nutrient Management meth
Page 66 and 67: REFERENCES Almy, S.W., Besong, M.T.
Page 68 and 69: Prat, C. (1990). Relation entre ér
Page 70 and 71: ANNEX 2: CHECKLIST FOR THE EXPLORAT
Page 72 and 73: ANNEX 4: AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPANSIO
Page 74: ANNEX 6: AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPANSIO

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