Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and ... - ITU

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include mobile TSPs Vodafone, Scancom, Airtel, Millicom, and Expresso, and fixed TSPs Vodafone and Airtel. • The Ghana Internet Services Providers Association (GISPA) 80 is a professional, non-profit trade association, representing the interests of local ISPs and other Internet providers. It currently has 23 members. It runs the facility of routers and switches known as the Ghana Internet eXchange (GIX), which allows local ISPs and TSPs to easily exchange Internet traffic within Ghana, while improving connectivity and services for their customers. The following key international stakeholders should have a consultative status on the proposed Green ICT Council: • The International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ITU has a key role in global telecommunication regulation and standardization. ITU is the UN specialized agency responsible for telecommunications and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Its membership, comprising 193 governments, over 700 private companies, and 40 academic institutions, has called for ITU to take the lead in engaging the global community (including countries, the UN system, and the ICT industry, as well as academia and NGOs) to address climate change through the use of ICTs. • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UNFCCC is the UN secretariat responsible for supporting the operation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, an international environmental treaty produced at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and updated by the Kyoto Protocol. • Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) 81 . The ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development, more often called ‘The Fund’, are its two main institutions designed to implement policies, pursue a number of programmes and carry out development projects in Member States. Such projects include intra-community road construction and telecommunications; and agricultural, energy and water resources development. ECOWAS may be able to assist in getting fibre into urban and rural areas (some rural areas also have a need for power lines). 2. The sources of ICT GHG emissions in Ghana It would be useful to identify the total GHG emissions from Ghana, including those arising from ICTs. The total GHG emissions reported by Ghana were 24 Mt CO2e in 2006, which is equivalent to approximately 1 tonne per capita 82 . In addition to CO2, there are a number of other GHGs emitted by the ICT industry. These include sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) which has approximately 40 thousand times the impact of CO2 per gramme emitted 83 . SF 6 plasma is used in the semiconductor industry as an etchant 84 . SF 6 is also used to pressurize waveguides in radar systems. The gas insulates the waveguide preventing internal arcing 85 and is also applied in transmission waveguides for medical X-ray equipment. The impact of SF 6 in Ghana is considered to be small. However, the relatively high radiative forcing 86 of SF 6 indicates that it needs to be monitored; for example, it might arrive unexpectedly in Ghana as part of e-waste. 50
Figure 4. Trend in total GHG emissions, including LUCF (land use change and forestry) in GgCO2e If ICT-related emissions in Ghana followed global averages, then 2.5 per cent of GHG emissions in Ghana would come from ICT networks and devices, including wireline and mobile networks, broadcasting networks, and consumer electronic devices (in both homes and businesses), and this would equate to about 0.6 Mt CO2e. ICT is included in the energy sector. This estimate does not include emissions from sectors such as transport and manufacturing which are discussed in Section 3. The sources of ICT-related GHG emissions may be traced from a life cycle assessment (LCA) of ICT devices. The life cycle phases (for any product or service including telecommunications) are defined in ISO14040/44 as: • Raw material extraction and conversion • Manufacture • Use (or consumption) • End-of-life (re-use, recycling of materials, energy recovery and ultimate disposal) Transport and energy supply are included in each life–cycle phase. The proportion of emissions from each phase is illustrated in Figure 5. Every ICT product will have a different apportionment. A more exact apportionment of emissions for Ghana is recommended for further study. 51
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Shutterstock ® Flavio Cucchietti
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Table of contents Information and c
Page 5:
Page 4.9 Facility sharing to save c
Page 8 and 9:
Towards a better environment: The M
Page 10 and 11:
Towards a better environment: An IT
Page 13 and 14:
Introduction Climate change has bec
Page 15: Assembly’s resolution 65/151, whi
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements The text of this p
Page 20 and 21: 1. Situating climate change in the
Page 22 and 23: designing and implementing strategi
Page 24 and 25: Box 4. The Nairobi Work Programme (
Page 26 and 27: As identified during the Symposium
Page 28 and 29: and 3.5G subscriptions. Fixed-phone
Page 30 and 31: The data reflected in Tables 2 and
Page 32 and 33: network to connect the regional adm
Page 34 and 35: Box 10. Climate change projections
Page 36 and 37: Box 11. Examples of UNFCCC parties
Page 38 and 39: integrated into the plans of the re
Page 40 and 41: While the actions undertaken by Gha
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3. Relation between ICTs and
Page 44 and 45: In response to this increasing need
Page 46 and 47: c) Sectoral and community levels IC
Page 48 and 49: In terms of ICT and climate change
Page 50 and 51: This sample structure emphasises th
Page 52 and 53: (4) Feedback and learning (5) Insti
Page 54 and 55: disaster strikes the "wired" teleco
Page 56 and 57: c) Supporting inclusive and partici
Page 59 and 60: Climate change mitigation and Infor
Page 61 and 62: Executive summary Greenhouse gas (G
Page 63 and 64: 1. Introduction 1.1 The challenge G
Page 65: Internet access is the second ICT s
Page 69 and 70: The mining industry of Ghana accoun
Page 71 and 72: For example, aluminium has been dub
Page 73 and 74: included. The ratio of emissions ca
Page 75 and 76: • Smart grids - which would be of
Page 77 and 78: Remote health monitoring enables in
Page 79 and 80: electricity grid and would decrease
Page 81 and 82: Figure 8. Tungu-Kabiri 18kW crossfl
Page 83 and 84: Suggested action: The NCA or other
Page 85 and 86: conversion to biochar. A typical wo
Page 87 and 88: infrastructures to support the depl
Page 89 and 90: The trend to watching TV on laptops
Page 91 and 92: Suggested action: The NCA or other
Page 93 and 94: 5.5 What energy efficiency metric s
Page 95 and 96: It is the duty of the Secretary of
Page 97 and 98: 6.3.3 Example from Brazil Brazil is
Page 99 and 100: Upgrade the existing mobile infrast
Page 101 and 102: • It is important that Ghana roll
Page 103 and 104: Glossary 2.5G 2G with GPRS providin
Page 105 and 106: Annex: How GHG emissions in the ICT
Page 107 and 108: Steps being taken include: • Swit
Page 109 and 110: Overall report conclusions Developi
Page 111 and 112: 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Page 113 and 114: 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 OE
Page 115: 158 UK Climate Change Act 2008: www
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