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SOLAR
&
ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
Volume 6 Number 3 May/June 2013
Overcoming
the structural
challenges of a
solar pyramid
PLUS: Why backsheet standards
are anything but standard •
Demonstration of first ever
metal-induced single crystal
heteroepitaxial thin film
silicon solar cell • AND MORE

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Contents
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& SOLAR
ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
Contents
EDITORIAL
2 An industry at war!
Trevor Galbraith
FEATURES
6 Demonstration of first ever metal-induced single
crystal epitaxial thin film silicon solar cell
Dr. RD Vispute, Blue Wave Semiconductors (BWS),
and Ashok Chaudhari, Solar-Tectic LLC
10 Why backsheet standards are anything but
standard
Michelle Ostiguy, Director, Photovoltaic & Barrier,
Flexcon
6
10
Volume 6, No. 3
May/June 2013
© Trafalgar Publications Ltd.
Designed and Published
by Trafalgar Publications,
Bournemouth, United
Kingdom
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SPECIAL FEATURES
22 Case study— Overcoming the structural
challenges of a solar pyramid
24 Case study— Spice Village Resort, India, gets off
the grid
26 Events
COLUMNS
9 America’s real problem with solar energy
Terrill Dines
12 Trading places: Emerging markets move to the
forefront
Jon Custer-Topai
OTHER REGULAR FEATURES
4 Industry news
20 New products for integrators
31 Analyst Buzz
36 International diary
22
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Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 1

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Advertising
See page 36.
Everywhere you look there are tales of woe
in the PV industry and a monolithic battle
raging between European and Chinese
cell and module manufacturers. From the
Chinese majors (Yingli, Canadian Solar
and TRINA) we are hearing stories of a
truce between them and the European
Union, but EU officials say this statement
is misleading and wrong and they intend to
push ahead with tariff reforms that could
be as high as 67.9%. The decision is set to
be confirmed on June 5th with implementation
coming into effect in October.
China is already planning retaliation
with tit-for-tat tariffs being considered on
raw silicon from companies such as Wacker
Chemie AG and European wine imports.
What’s the alternative?
Like many companies in the PV industry,
Global Solar Technology has been struggling
to maintain the high level of industry
participation at events around the world.
Our revenues are derived directly from
advertising in our magazines, websites,
newsletters and sponsorship of our video
programming. This has been adversely
affected by the recent state of the PV
market.
Consequently, we have taken the
decision to expand on our already wellrespected
solar platform and include
coverage on Alternative Energies. The title
of the magazine will change to “Global Solar
& Alternative Energies” and will encompass
An industry at war!
(plus a name change and an expansion of
focus for the magazine)
a wide range of other clean energy alternatives,
such as wind, bio-fuels, fuel cells and
energy storage.
We hope this expanded reading experience
will be welcome and will improve our
ability to report on the wider energy technology
issues. Of course, innovative, technology
and application stories on any of
these related topics are more than welcome.
Please send them to me at the address
below.
—Trevor Galbraith
Editor-in-Chief
Global Solar & Alternative Energies
editor@globalsolartechnology.com
www.globalsolartechnology.com

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China | Taiwan | Americas | Europe | Singapore | Japan

Title Industry news
Industry news
Gehrlicher Solar America
Corporation expands US
footprint
Gehrlicher Solar America Corp. has opened
its newest office in Boston, Massachusetts.
With over 40 megawatts (MWp) of
projects completed or in process in the
Massachusetts and Connecticut markets,
GSAC is broadening its regional footprint
both in office presence and staffing to meet
growing demand. The new facility is located
at 15 Broad Street, in the heart of Boston’s
financial district in close proximity to its
dedicated customer base.
www.gehrlicher.us
BioSolar receives first
commercial order
BioSolar, Inc. today announced that it has
received its first commercial BioBacksheet
order. The first shipment of BioBacksheet
will be used for the manufacture of
specialty PV panels for electric utility
vehicles with anticipated further shipments
to be used by military and other mobile
applications. The customer’s PV panels
feature lightweight, high-power-to-weight
ratio, highly durable, customizable shapes,
sizes and colors. www.biosolar.com
Tokyo Electron completes
acquisition of Oerlikon Solar
Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL) has
completed all procedures relating to
the acquisition of Oerlikon Solar first
announced on March 3, 2012. As a result,
Oerlikon Solar is now a wholly-owned
subsidiary of TEL and its name has been
changed to TEL Solar AG (Headquarters:
Switzerland; President: Kiyoshi Sato
(Concurrent Post: Corporate Director
of TEL)). TEL is also currently studying
the acquisition’s impact on the company’s
consolidated performance, and will make a
timely disclosure if any effects on business
forecasts are likely.
Solar Frontier to restart
Miyazaki No.2 plant
Solar Frontier will restart the manufacturing
of solar modules at its Miyazaki
No.2 Plant in Kiyotakecho, Miyazaki, Japan
on July 1, 2013. Production at the 60 MW
nameplate capacity plant had been temporarily
suspended since the end of 2012.
Pending the final decision of product
models to be manufactured, Solar Frontier
is planning to make minor equipment
modifications to enable the manufacture of
new products that will be sold in Japan.
www.solar-frontier.com
Masdar, Total and Abengoa
launch Shams 1, largest CSP
plant in operation
Masdar today launched Shams 1, the
largest concentrated solar power plant
(CSP) in operation in the world. Masdar,
Abu Dhabi’s renewable energy company,
partnered with French energy company
Total and Spain’s energy infrastructure
company Abengoa. The 100-megawatt
solar-thermal project will power thousands
of homes in the United Arab Emirates and
displace approximately 175,000 tons of
CO2 per year. The US $600 million project
took three years to build. www.masdar.ae
Solar Press and KROENERT
announce partnership for low
cost, flexible organic solar
cell manufacture
Solar cell technology developer Solar
Press and coating and printing experts
KROENERT have announced the signing
of a long term partnership agreement to
develop and sell turn-key manufacturing
solutions for Organic Photovoltaic (OPV)
modules. This move will enable low cost
production of light weight, flexible solar
cells. Under the partnership agreement,
Solar Press, a world leader in the development
of OPV process technology, will
develop and optimise its production
process and ink formulations to enable
the manufacture of commercial OPV
modules using KROENERT’s production
coating and printing equipment.
www.solar-press.com
TÜV Rheinland develops solar
simulator for CPV
TÜV Rheinland has started up a solar
simulator for characterizing concentrator
photovoltaic modules at its Solar Testing
Center in Cologne. The test stand was
developed together with experts at TÜV
Rheinland PTL in the course of nearly two
years of research work. Thanks to the new
simulator, it is now possible to perform
comparison measurements much more
accurately on CPV modules. This is because
it is possible to generate and maintain
the standard temperature conditions of
25˚C much more accurately under laboratory
conditions than in natural sunlight.
www.tuv.com
First Solar to acquire
TetraSun
First Solar, Inc. is acquiring TetraSun. First
Solar signed a definitive agreement to
acquire TetraSun from JX Nippon Oil &
Energy Corporation and other investors,
including TetraSun management. Terms of
the transaction, which is expected to close
in the second quarter of 2013, were not
disclosed. First Solar and JX Nippon Oil &
Energy also have entered into discussions
4 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Industry news
on an agreement to distribute the
technology in Japan. www.firstsolar.com
Martifer Solar completes two
PV projects in Spain in a total
of 4.26 MWp
Martifer Solar has just concluded two
photovoltaic projects in Spain, in a total
of 4.26 MWp. The company was responsible
for the engineering, procurement and
construction of the projects, a photovoltaic
park of 3.8 MWp in Lorca, Murcia, and a
rooftop installation of 460 kWp in Toledo.
The Lorca plant occupies an area of 4.5
hectares and it consists of about 15,800
modules. The 460-kWp installation was
built in the rooftop of the Prilux Group
facilities, in an area of 7,500 m 2 . www.
martifersolar.com
Solar America looks toward
Mexico and Central America
as next hot spot
Solar America Corp. has identified Mexico
and Central America as regions capable for
tremendous growth in the solar market.
Solar America is positioned to participate
in this growth through the use of
their comprehensive solutions. Less than
one percent of Mexico’s land area would
need to be developed to power the nation,
according to the Secretaria de Energia de
Mexico, Mexico’s energy ministry. Solar
America recently signed a Memorandum
of Understanding with Valdez Cueva
Constructores Asosiados to provide solar
energy solutions for the Los Conejos
housing project in Tonlola, Guadalajara.
www.solaramericacorp.com
Renewable Energy sector
begins action alliance
On March 8, around 100 representatives of
the renewable energy sector, from Germany,
Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands,
joined forces to form an action alliance.
Made up of operators, research institutes,
universities, journalists, communication
agencies, companies and associations, this
group aims to develop a joint communication
strategy. The first workshop took place
during the photovoltaic symposium in Bad
Staffelstein. Further meetings and political
round table discussions are planned.
Grupo Clavijo supplies
trackers for a 25MW solar PV
installation in California
The Spanish company Grupo Clavijo has
completed the delivery of horizontal axis
trackers for a 25 MW solar photovoltaic
installation in California. These trackers
have been selected by the park’s promoters
for their easy adaptation to the land, durability
and versatility to suit the specific
needs of the project. Once connected, the
energy produced is equivalent to the electricity
consumed by more than 22,000
inhabitants, avoiding the release of over
87,000 tons of CO2 emissions into the
atmosphere. www.grupoclavijo.net
Dublin school breaks ground
on landmark 1.1 MW MAGE
SOLAR PV-System
MAGE SOLAR will provide a 1.1 MW solar
PV system to Dublin City High School.
The 4898 module system will be spread
out over several locations on campus and
include roof top arrays, ground mounts, as
well as several dual axis trackers. It will be
the largest system in the Middle Georgia
area and the very first one in the state
that utilizes a third party lease model for
schools. www.magesolar.com
Anticipation of anti-dumping
duties triggers growing
demand for European
modules from wholesalers
and project planners
Wholesalers and project planners are
increasingly demanding European
modules to avoid paying backdated antidumping
duties for modules made in
China. This development has already
started to create a significant rise in
demand for European-made modules
from German-Scandinavian manufacturer
Innotech Solar (ITS). On 6th June,
the European Commission will decide
whether provisional anti-dumping and
countervailing duties should be imposed
on solar modules imported from China.
www.innotechsolar.com
RenuEn Corp acquires
Alquimi Solar
RenuEn Corporatio has acquired Alquimi
Solar, a Saddle Brook, New Jersey-based
solar and renewable energy development
company. Alquimi brings a knowledgeable
business, legal and financial team
with extensive experience in developing
and financing renewable energy projects.
The financial terms of the acquisition of
Alquimi Solar will be disclosed in the 2013
First Quarter Financials. As part of the
acquisition, John Martin will be appointed
to the Board of Directors and actively
involved with the RenuEn executive team.
www.alquimisolar.com
Trina Solar named as one
of the World’s Top 10 Most
Innovative Companies
Trina Solar Limited has been recognized
by Fast Company magazine in their 2013
list of The World’s Top 10 Most Innovative
Companies in China. Published as an
annual guide to the state of innovation, the
list features businesses whose innovations
are having the greatest impacts across their
industries and society as a whole.
www.trinasolar.com, fastcompany.com
Solar America continues
Mexico expansion with new
strategic alliance
Solar America Corp. has entered into a
strategic alliance with SolarMex Equipos
Solares de Mexico (“SolarMex”).The strategic
alliance with SolarMex positions
Solar America to profit from the anticipated
growth in Mexico’s renewable energy
programs. With resources 60 percent
greater than those of solar leader, Germany,
Northern Mexico is considered to have
the world’s third greatest solar potential,
according to the Secretaria de Energia de
Mexico. www.solaramericacorp.com
PHOTON Test: SunPower
modules top the list
The top three spots in the latest solar module
yield test by PHOTON International—The
Solar Power Magazine have been claimed
by products from US company SunPower
Corp. The frontrunner in the test is the
SunPower SPR-327NE-WHT-D. This
model produced 1,144.1 kilowatt-hours
of electricity for every kilowatt of power
(kWh/kW). The two other SunPower
modules tested—the SPR-320NE-
WHT-D and SPR-245NE-WHT-D)
-scored 94.9 and 94.8 percent, respectively.
www.photon.info
Hanwha Q CELLS receives
“Made in EU” certificate
Hanwha Q CELLS has now received the
French “Made in EU” certificate for the
manufacturing of both solar cells and solar
modules from purely European components.
The certificate will enable French
customers of Q CELLS PV products to get
a bonus on the French Feed-in-Tariff of up
to 10 percent with immediate effect. The
certification audit at the company head
Continued on page 34
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 5

Demonstration of first ever metal-induced single crystal epitaxial thin film silicon solar cell
Demonstration of first ever metalinduced
single crystal epitaxial thin
film silicon solar cell
Dr. RD Vispute, Blue Wave Semiconductors (BWS), and Ashok Chaudhari, Solar-Tectic LLC
We report the preliminary demonstration of the first
ever metal-induced single crystal epitaxial thin film
silicon solar cell. 1 As a key component to Solar-
Tectic LLC’s 1c-Si Eutectic solar technology, the demonstrated
solar cell is a promising step towards the
ultimate goal of achieving a breakthrough solar cell
consisting of a single crystal thin film of silicon on
an inexpensive substrate, such as glass or metal foil.
Such a solar cell would allow for a reduction in costs
by a factor of approximately three (not including BOS
balance of system costs) while maintaining efficiency
of conversion. 2
A major cost component of
photovoltaic cells is the cost
of the substrate on which the
semiconductor film capable
of converting sunlight to
electricity is placed. The
most widely used substrate
is single crystal silicon (or
monocrystalline Si). These
substrates developed in the
microelectronics industry have
been modified for application
in photovoltaic technology. If a
silicon film could be deposited
on an inexpensive substrate,
such as glass or metal foil, and
with comparable quality as that
found in silicon single crystals
used in the microelectronics
industry, the cost of
photovoltaic technology would
drop significantly. 2
Here we report the success
of a crucial step towards this
goal: the demonstration of a
single crystal thin film of silicon
on sapphire substrate (Al203)
at low temperature, e.g. below
the softening point of glass
(600˚C). Heteroepitaxial—
single crystal—films of silicon
have been successfully grown
only on Al203 (sapphire)
before. And until now these
films have been grown at
temperatures that are relatively
Figure 1. Raman spectrum of silicon on sapphire Al, Si deposited at 600˚C.
6 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Demonstration of first ever metal-induced single crystal epitaxial thin film silicon solar cell
Figure 2. The samples. Left: Sample 1 (Al 600˚C/Si 600˚C). Middle: Sample 2 (Al 600˚C/Si 600˚C). Right: Sample 3 (Al 600˚C/Si 650˚C).
high for applications having to do with
growth of silicon on glass or cheap metal
foils. 2
Following one of several “recipes”
disclosed in a patent application by the
late Dr. Praveen Chaudhari, renowned
materials scientist and winner of the
1995 United States Medal of Technology
and Innovation, Solar-Tectic LLC
commissioned the fabrication of a metalinduced
heteroepitaxial layer. 2 That is, a
thin film deposited from an Al-Si eutectic
melt onto a sapphire (Al203) substrate.
Figure 3. XRD of samples 1 and 2 (sample 3 was not used).
This work was
done under the
supervision of
Dr. RD Vispute
at Blue Wave
Semiconductors
(BWS) in
Maryland. Three
such samples were
made by electronbeam
deposition
(e-beam) and Solid Phase Epitaxy at BWS,
two at 600˚C and one at 650˚C. (See Figure
Until now these films have been
grown at temperatures that are
relatively high for applications
having to do with growth of silicon
on glass or cheap metal foils.
1, showing Raman of 1 sample of Al-Si on
sapphire).
All 3 samples were imaged at the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), Colorado, USA, with a simple
microscope. (See Figure 2.)
The XRD of both samples 1 and 3 were
similar and suggest (111)-oriented silicon.
(See Figure 3).
To truly confirm epitaxy, a pole figure
would need to be acquired—but given
the similarity to previously published
P. Chaudhari et al work 3 , this step was
postponed. In the figure there is a large
peak from the sapphire substrate and,
probably a few artifacts (narrow lines at
~21˚, line at 65˚). There is also a peak at
~38˚ that could be the aluminum part of
the Al substrate holder.
The optical images of samples 1 and 2
look very smooth. Sample 3 had regular
features that appear metallic under the
microscope—it is likely that some of the
Al remains in a metallic state. Sample 3 also
had a smaller Si 111 peak—however, this is
not a rigorous crystallographic analysis.
Samples 1 and 2 were diced into
smaller pieces to fabricate 3 solar cells
from them. The solar cells were made
following standard NREL procedure but,
importantly, without hydrogen passivation
and pyramidal light trapping both of
which can improve QE. 4
The best results of these cells are: 2.86%
efficiency, open circuit voltage (Voc) 449
mV, short circuit current (Jsc) 10.47 mA,
and Fill Factor (FF) 63.93%. (See graphs in
Figure 4 on the following page.)
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 7

Demonstration of first ever metal-induced single crystal epitaxial thin film silicon solar cell
Figure 4. The results of the solar cells.
We believe that with further research
and development there is room for
improving the efficiency, and the overall
performance of the solar cell.
The authors acknowledge Dr. Charles W.
Teplin, Vincenzo Lasalvia and Bill Nemeth
who used NREL’s thin Si “seed and epitaxy”
processes to fabricate solar cells from the
heteroepitaxial Si on sapphire samples.
References
1. There have been and are a number of
European projects doing similar work.
From January 2002 to June 2005, the
Hahn-Meitner Institute in Germany
was the coordinator of the European
Commission project METEOR: Metal-
Induced Crystallisation and Epitaxial
Deposition for Thin, Efficient and
Low-Cost Crystalline Si Solar Cells.
While efficient solar cells were processed
using layers obtained from this project,
the devices were polycrystalline, not
single crystalline. They were also
processed using ECRCVD and CVD,
not electron-beam deposition as we
have done. After METEOR, ATHLET
was the continuation, followed today
by PolySiMode and TopShot. It is the
authors’ understanding that up until
now none of these projects has made
single crystal Si from a eutectic film
using e-beam. Apologies are extended
if this not the case. Others have used
We believe that with further research and
development there is room for improving the
efficiency, and the overall performance of the
solar cell.
metal induced crystallization for seed
and heteroepitaxial solar cells, but
to our knowledge there is no such
demonstration of solar cells comprised
of single crystal silicon.
2. P. Chaudhari, “Methods of Growing
Heteroepitaxial Single Crystal or
Large Grained Semiconductor Films
and Devices Thereon”, p.1, USPTO US
2010/0237272, 9/23/10.
3. P. Chaudhari et al, “Heteroepitaxial
silicon film growth at 600C from an
Al-Si eutectic melt”, Thin Solid Films,
2010, pp. 5368-5371.
4. Teplin et al, “Pyramidal light trapping
and hydrogen passivation for high
efficiency heteroepitaxial (100)
crystal silicon solar cells”, Energy
Environmental Science, 2012, p.8193.
Dr. RD Vispute is the founder of Blue
Wave Semiconductors, Inc. and serves as
Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief
Technology Officer (CTO) of Blue Wave
Semiconductors. He has been Principal
Investigator for several National Science
Foundation grants and DOD contracts on
thin film electronic and photonic materials
and devices. He received his PhD in Physics,
and MS and BS degrees from the University
of Pune, India.
Ashok Chaudhari is the founding manager
of Solar-Tectic LLC. He holds an MDIV,
MA, and BA. He can be reached at
solartectic@gmail.com.
8 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

America’s real problem with solar energy
America’s real
problem with
solar energy
A guest column by Terrill Dines
Each day, our industry sits down and
whittles the unsightly knots off the
tree we call solar energy. We, as a
group, spend more time than we should
pointing to one of a growing number of
reasons why solar energy isn’t taking hold
in America: that perhaps our government
incentives were cut too quickly, that our
state’s SREC program is broken, that the
net metering requirements aren’t strong
enough. Not that those things wouldn’t
further bolster our industry, but go out and
ask your friends and family about solar
energy. The problem with solar energy
in America isn’t a result of the deficiencies
of the incentives (although improved
incentives would set this industry on fire),
it’s with the astounding lack of knowledge
about a technology that can transform the
lives of everyone in our nation and around
the world.
Let me be provocative for a moment.
Do you know how much of a return on
your investment you would receive if you
installed solar on your home or business
right now? Do you know enough to even
estimate the amount of money you’d save
over 25-30 years? Would you guess that
solar energy is actually a financial investment
with recent returns more solid than
stocks and bonds? Do you know that solar
energy works in colder climates and on
cloudy days? Did you know that nearly
any solar installation company will gladly
provide you these numbers for free?
Probably not. Not many Americans can
begin to answer these questions. And who
can blame them?
We, as an industry, are still young.
We’re not the Behemoth of major corporations
with seemingly unlimited budgets
to pay for lobbying and well-placed television
commercials. We reach out to a media
who has no idea what solar energy really
is. We burn with such passion to help our
country, and yet many nights feel like we
are strangers in our own homes. You can’t
explain the entirety of the benefits of solar
energy in 140 characters. It’s both a great
and terrible feeling to know what you can
give people if only they knew what you
could give. It’s unrequited love in the form
of a solar panel, and we have thousands
upon thousands of them waiting to find a
good home.
We’re not at war with the other energy
companies, either. People will still need
oil for a very long time (probably longer
than our actual supply will last). No energy
employee from fossil fuel plants will end up
on Skid Row because of solar any time soon.
What about utility companies? Utilities are
actually required by the state governments
to purchase renewable energy, and most of
them have employees that are themselves
dedicated to the renewable energy sector.
They are not our enemies, either. Banks?
Banks are in the business of lending—they
would love for solar modules to be included
in home appraisals. The real estate market?
Solar panels on a home sells that home
much easier and (say it with me) “not our
enemy.” We simply have no natural predators,
and for that, we’re thankful.
What we do face is a nation who just
doesn’t understand us. We’re right here, and
there’s not been a better time to go solar
than today. The panels pay for themselves
typically about halfway through their life
cycle, and the rest is yours to keep. There
is a 30% federal tax credit for anyone who
installs solar on a home or business. Many
states have similar tax incentives to add to
that. You can get paid to send your excess
energy back to the grid. You can also sell
solar credits to utility companies. And if
you own a business, there’s a good chance
you can depreciate the entire installation
in one year. Did you know you’ll see, on
average, a more steady return from “going
solar” than you would on stocks and bonds
(at least historically speaking)? It’s okay;
most people don’t know that.
So here we sit as an industry with such
a powerful solution for our country—both
as a whole and to the people individually.
We are, as a nation, being quickly passed
up by other countries. Research countries
like Germany and what they are doing with
solar energy—it’s amazing. But we here in
the US can’t afford to tell everyone what
they need to know. We, instead, have to rely
on people finding us. We try, don’t get me
wrong, but we just don’t have the financial
size and subsequent influence to achieve
the success solar energy deserves. The solar
industry is young, lacking the means to get
the word out in the way that giants of other
industries are able to do.
Yet each installation site still drips with
the exhilaration and sweat of The Cavern
Club in 1961, right after a little-known band
named The Beatles just finished playing to
a room of about 100 people. Solar energy
is the early rock and roll of our generation.
We’re the rock and roll stars of our time,
hell-bent on changing the World. This time,
though, it really works. We, as an industry,
can see what is ahead. We’ll be here waiting.
And when you say “Oh man, I wish I knew
about this sooner,” we won’t judge. We’ll
love and support you just the same. It was
Marty McFly in Back to the Future who
said: “I guess you guys aren’t ready for that
yet. But your kids are gonna love it.” See you
soon, America.
Terrill Dines is the CEO of Honeycomb Solar,
a renewable energy company. Honeycomb
Solar’s goal is to bolster US energy enterprise
through installation, innovation, and
education. To learn more, please visit http://
www.honeycombsolar.com or write them at
info@honeycombsolar.com.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 9

Why backsheet standards are anything but standard
Why backsheet standards are
anything but standard
The need to clarify testing procedures and ensure
product performance
Michelle Ostiguy, Director, Photovoltaic & Barrier, Flexcon, Spencer, Massachusetts, USA
When it comes to the production
of backsheet materials, both suppliers
and customers face the challenge
of dealing with a myriad of
competing standards and testing
procedures. Many of these standards
vary from one region to
another.
The establishment of a consistent
set of testing standards
is crucial to achieving dependable,
day-to-day product quality
and superior performance. This
has implications for the industry
at large: as the burden of varying
standards impedes the flow of
product advancement and innovation.
The good news is that industry-leading
fabricators and test
facilities are already engaged
in a collective effort to devise a
standardized and streamlined
approach to backsheet testing. In
the meantime, backsheet customers
need to look to their suppliers
for the analysis and insight necessary
to ensure meaningful, valueadded
test results.
Holding standards to the test
It’s a matter of relevance. For any OEM
or PV module manufacturer, the ultimate
purpose of testing is the reliable and costconscious
certification of finished modules.
Considering today’s complex standards
environment, the backsheet supplier is
important for assisting with and supporting
the customer’s certification efforts—both
in-house and through outside certification
agencies.
Considering your end-product
standard. The operational categories of
polymeric materials in modules include 1)
direct support of live parts, 2) outer surface,
3) enclosure, and 4) internal barrier. These
four categories are, in no particular order,
intended for backsheet, frontsheet, encapsulants,
and junction boxes. IEC test
requirements for backsheet are based on
direct support and outer surface operational
categories, while UL test requirements
are based on direct support, outer
surface, and enclosure operational categories.
IEC and UL are working together
toward common performance/safety stan-
10 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Why backsheet standards are anything but standard
dards. While there is some overlap in the
tests, each has requirements the other does
not. These include varying requirements
for test data sources, along with different
methods for reporting test results.
Reconciling the lab with the field. Many
current standards have been borrowed
from other fields, and aren’t necessarily
applicable to photovoltaic testing. As a
result, these standards are not reliable
indicators of field performance. In fact, the
properties of PV module components are
often engineered to meet performance and
safety standards, as opposed to addressing
in-the-field durability and survival.
What are the tests?
With the above challenges in mind, here is
a sampling of material properties that are
most crucial to producing durable backsheet
with superior performance characteristics.
Comparative Tracking Index (CTI).
Rates resistance of an insulating material
to electrical breakdown, which would form
a conductive path on the surface.
Damp Heat (DHT). Required for module
certification, but not for backsheet.
However, poor performance of backsheet
under damp heat conditions—i.e. delamination,
degradation—can affect module
performance.
Flame Spread Index/Radiant Panel.
Measures the surface flammability of a
backsheet material when exposed to both
heat and flame.
Glow Wire Testing (GWFI/GWIT).
Examines the temperatures at which materials
ignite by simulating the effect of heat
that arises in malfunctioning electrical
equipment.
High Current Arc Ignition (HAI).
Determines the likelihood of a power
surge by simulating loose connections and
broken leads.
Horizontal Burn (HB). Determines the
rate, fast or slow, at which a particular
material will burn.
Hot Wire Ignition (HWI). Evaluates the
ignition properties of a polymeric material
when adjacent to or supporting an overheated
wire, whether insulated or uninsulated.
Partial Discharge (PD). Verifies the backsheet
is engineered with insulation properties
to suit the voltage requirements of the
module.
Relative Thermal Index (RTI). Ensures
the backsheet’s properties will not be unacceptably
compromised at the maximum
operating temperature of the module.
UV Resistance. Ensures appropriate resistance
to UV degradation, if and when the
end-use application requires the backsheet
to be in direct exposure to sunlight.
Vertical Burn (VB). Determines the rate at
which material will extinguish itself, once
the ignition source is removed.
FLEXcon is an innovator in adhesive
coating, laminating and finishing of durable
materials used in graphics applications, electronics
and new products. Through a culture
of curiosity, flexibility and a drive for excellence,
FLEXcon is the trusted partner to a
wide range of companies from printers and
fabricators to engineers and designers developing
products for existing and emerging
markets. For more information, visit
www.FLEXcon.com or call 1-508-885-8200.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 11

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
Trading places:
Emerging
markets move to
the forefront
Jon Custer-Topai
The North American (Chart 1) economies
seem to be moving towards recovery with
signs of improvement in housing, unemployment,
industrial production and access
to credit. Purchasing manager’s indices, a
3-6 month leading indicator for consumption,
are showing mixed signals of expansion
and contraction in the global economy.
Japan’s (Chart 2) Prime Minister, Shinzō
Abe has taken aggressive steps to pull
Japan (Chart 3) out of its extended stagnation
period with government stimulus,
currency injections and structural (infrastructure)
reforms. South Korea (Chart
4) continues to benefit from increasing
demand for its exports and China (Chart
5) has maintained its dominance as the
world’s factory although it has shifted to a
lower gear. Things are not as rosy in Europe
(Chart 6) where unemployment continues
to be worrisome and northern Africa and
the Middle East continue to damper the
mood with heightened political unrest.
The solar industry is changing in
tandem with the global economic market
with installation opportunity shifting from
Installation
opportunity are
shifting from regions
that are/have
reduced subsidies
to areas with
government stimulus
for alternative
energy infrastructure
projects.
regions that are/have reduced subsidies to
areas with government stimulus for alternative
energy infrastructure projects. Japan
and China are using solar to stimulate
growth and reduce exposure to hazardous
waste. Europe is tapering down its FiT
programs as government funding is reallocated
to propping up its economies.
And N.Africa has developed an interest in
renewables as they see the world moving
in that direction. Africa has become the
new land of opportunity for infrastructure
projects, including electricity.
China solar panel exports have diminished
due to the recent implementation of
tariffs in the U.S. and Europe and the possibility
of additional tariffs in other regions
such as Australia. As a result, Taiwan’s solar
shops (Chart 7) are showing some signs
of stabilization following a steep collapse
in revenues caused mainly by price degradation
and high inventory build-ups.
In addition, China’s National Bureau of
Statistics said that the country’s average
wages increased 11.9% y/y to 46,769 Yuan
($7,543) after climbing 14.4% in 2011,
which has companies searching for less
expensive manufacturing regions, such as
Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand.
20130502
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Markit Economics & ISM
Nomura/JMMA
12 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
20130501
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20130502
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Markit Economics
Chart 3. Chart 4.
20130502
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20130502
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Markit Economics
Markit Economics
Chart 5. Chart 6.
Mixed messages: demand
records versus diminishing
margins
The solar market has sent mixed messages
over the past couple of years with repeated
records in installation and production
which was contrasted with pricing degradation
which originated from OEMs
failing to differentiate themselves in an
ultra competitive, global market place.
A housing market recovery may provide
opportunities for BIPV products despite
the growing division between distributed
solar power and the utility companies.
2013 is on track to break more installation
records as mega-utility installations
dominate total installations. Presently,
there are over 2.5 GW being installed in the
top ten global installations. Non-residential
installations continue to attract schools,
military bases, manufacturing plants,
distribution facilities and retail outlets,
which are benefiting from shortened ROI
benefits. The third leg on the installation
stool looks to be recovering as regions
implement mandates for adding solar to
all new residential construction and home
builders use alternative energy to differentiate
from competitors.
Signs of recovery and
sustainability
Polysilicon demand is also showing some
signs of life in regions that are benefitting
from tariff reduced imports, facility
closures and the retreat from vertically
integrated manufacturing models.
More manufacturing is being shifted to
EMS companies such as Celestica (Chart
8), Jabil (Chart 9) Flextronics (Chart 10)
and Hon Hai/Foxconn (Chart 11) as OEMs
look for ways to boost depleted margins.
Flextronics was the 7th largest module
manufacturer in 2012 and it achieved 60%
y/y growth (the largest growth of all manufacturers)
in solar module production with
900MW produced. In addition, Hon Hai
plans to raise its annual solar panel production
capacity from about 30 MW in 2012
to 400 MW and its subsidiary, Fox Energy
manufactured 350 MW of solar panels for
MEMC in Juarez, Mexico.
IHS believes that global photovoltaic
module production is expected to grow
18% y/y to over 37 GW in 2013 (Chart
12) but prices are expected to fall further
resulting in further margin contraction.
Solar photovoltaic module revenues are
expected to decline 20% in 2013 to $20.5
billion and then grow to $32 billion by
2017 according to NPD SolarBuzz who
does not see a (pricing) recovery until
2015. As a result many companies have left
the industry and venture capital investments
decreased from $91.6 billion in 2011
to $79.7 billion in 2012 according to Clean
Edge.
Give it time
2013 is heading towards the 34-38 GW
range (Chart 13) depending on economic
drivers with Germany, China, Japan and the
U.S. vying for crown for largest installation
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 13

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
region for the year. Even though there are
signs of recovery, U.S. industrial production
(Chart 14) and unemployment (Chart
15) trendlines are showing that it will take
4-6 years before the U.S. economy reaches
pre-great recession growth rates and
Europe may take even longer. Emerging
markets such as Africa, South America and
parts of Asia will supplement the shortfalls
in the established economies (Chart 16).
Solar demand growth will continue to be
driven by political and economic policies
and manufacturing capacity is becoming
more balanced as the industry transforms
to a lean, mean fighting machine.
Cells modules panels
Aalto University, Finland and Fraunhofer
ISE, Germany researchers achieved 18.7%
efficiency for black silicon solar cells.
Alta Devices achieved 30.8% efficiency
record with “dual junction” solar cell technology.
ART Solar opened 250,000 module/year
photovoltaic solar panel manufacturing
plant in Durban, South Africa.
ASOLA Automotive Solar Deutschland
filed for insolvency.
Bharat Heavy Electricals invested Rs 800
crore in an integrated manufacturing plant
for solar ingots, wafers, cells & panels using
crystalline technology.
Chemitox started new test & evaluation
service for solar cell modules under salty
water sprinkling conditions.
COPE and Purdue University scientists
developed recyclable solar cells from trees
with 2.7% efficiency.
French Gerleman installed 174,000 SF
solar testing and learning center in St.
Louis, MO.
Gintech unveiled 19.5% efficient polycrystalline
silicon solar cell.
Innotech Solar
• increased its solar photovoltaic manufacturing
in Halle/Saale, Germany and
Glava, Sweden to 100 MW.
• photovoltaic modules demonstrated
temperature coefficient of minus 0.39%
per Kelvin in a photon test.
JA Solar began mass production of metal
wrap-through monocrystalline and multicrystalline
cells with an average conversion
efficiency of 19.6% and 18.1%.
Jusung Engineering set up a solar cell and
module manufacturing facility in Kerala,
India.
Kyocera shifted San Diego, California
manufacturing operations to Tijuana,
Mexico.
Lanco plans to open 300 MW photovoltaic
solar cell manufacturing plant in
special economic zone in Rajnandgaon of
Chhattisgarh in 2014.
LDK
• defaulted on $7.2 million payment due
to cash shortage.
• Solar Board of Director, Liangbao Zhu
resigned.
• sold additional 25,000,000 newly issued
ordinary shares to Fulai Investments.
MEMC appointed Randy Zwirn to its
Board of Directors.
Natcore advanced its black silicon solar
cells to 14.7% efficiency.
Neo Solar merged with DelSolar.
Photowatt plans to open 11,000m2 in
photovoltaic module assembly plant in
Vaulx-Milieu, France in October 2013.
Sharp
• increased its triple-junction solar cell
efficiency to 37.9%.
• downsized its solar cell businesses in
Europe and moved focus to growth
markets such as Southeast Asia.
Solairedirect will produce 120 MW of
ReneSola’s photovoltaic modules in South
Africa.
Solar Frontier resumed production at
its 60-MW solar panel plant in Miyazaki
prefecture, Japan.
Solar Junction and IQE partnered to
develop satellite solar cells.
Solar3D began fabrication of its next
prototype of its next generation silicon
solar cell.
SolarWorld received French “Made in
Europe” certification.
Solarzentrum North America started
hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar
panel production in Osgood, Indiana.
SoloPower sold its equipment at its
California HQ and laid off 61 employees.
Spectrolab achieved world record 37.8%
solar conversion efficiency using new class
of high-efficiency multi-junction solar cell.
Suniva added module assembly capacity
in Norcross, Georgia after Q2 was sold out.
SunPower
• achieved three highest rankings in
Photon International’s 2012 module
yield test, with performance ratios of
95.2%, 94.9% and 94.8%.
• introduced X-Series family of solar
panels with world-record efficiencies
of 21.5%.
Suntech Power Holdings
• appointed Philip Fan and Weiping
Zhou to Board of Directors.
• canceled $1.3 billion in polysilicon
orders with OCI.
• closed its Goodyear, Arizona solar
panel plant.
• named Weiping Zhou, President.
defaulted on $541 million bond.
• appointed Susan Wang, Chairwoman
of the Board of Directors.
• was declared bankrupt by Wuxi court.
20130501
Taiwan Solar/Photovoltaic Panel Companies
Composite of 17 Manufacturers
20130426
Celestica
Revenue, Net Income & Inventory
25
20
15
10
5
0
NT$ (Billions)
2012/2011 Revenue
down 18%
Unconsolidated company sales
Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
Jan
Apr
Jul
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Jul
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Oct
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Apr
Jul
Oct
Jan
Apr
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Calendar Year
Big Sun Energy Technology, Daxon, DelSolar, e_TON Solar Tec, Eversol, Gintech, Green Energy Technology (GET),
Ligitek, Motech, Neo Solar Power, Phoenixtec Power Co (PPC), Precision Silicon, Sino-American Silicon Products,
Sonartech, Sysgration, Tyntek, Wafer Works
Millions
$ Billions
4.0
3.5
Revenue
- 19%
3.0
Income
2.5
Inventory
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.375-1.475
-0.5
4/23/13
-1.0
-1.5
Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
CY
CLS
Chart 7. Chart 8.
14 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
Sunways
• appointed Hoong Khoeng Cheong,
Chairman of the Management Board
and Steve Huiyuan Zha, Member of the
Management Board and VP of Finance.
• began insolvency proceedings.
• banks cancelled its US$ 8.6 million
credit line.
• laid off 50 employees in Arnstadt,
Germany.
Trina Solar
• began mass production of PDG5
frameless double-glass PV module in
Changzhou, China.
• Head of EU Public Affairs, Jodie
Roussell was elected to EPIA Board.
• T-Solar laid off 170 employees in
Galicia, Spain.
Yingli Green Energy
• dismantled its vertical integration.
• entered 3-Year polysilicon and solar
wafer supply contract with GCL-Poly
Energy.
• received two loans totaling US$165
million from China Development
Bank.
• was the largest global supplier of solar
modules in 2012 based on annual
merchant shipments.
Electric vehicles &
infrastructure
Electric vehicle market share of the global
automotive market is expected to increase
from 1.5% in 2010 to 9% in 2015 and
16% or 21 million of the 130 million new
vehicles sold in 2020.—TAITRA
FIT & policy
Danish Government introduced incentives
that allow farmers to sell all produced
electricity to the grid at a guaranteed price
of 1,30 kroners (0,17 eurocents) per kWh
during ten years.
Germany
• began paying 660 Euros/ kilowatt of
storage capacity.
• reduced PV FiTs by 1.8% in May 2013.
Greece reduced its FIT by 44.7%.
India’s Andhra Pradesh government fixed
benchmark price for purchase of solar
power was set at Rs 6.49 per unit.
Ireland extended an incentive program for
clean energy projects by two years to give
developers more time to complete their
developments.
Japan’s solar FiT was lowered by about
10% to 38 yen per kWh for 10 years for
systems under 10 kW capacity (rooftop
solar) and 36 yen per kW for 20 years for
larger systems (excluding tax), or 37.8 yen
including the 5% value added tax.
Malaysia increased its solar PV digression
rate from 8-20% for installations larger
than 24kW.
Malta launched €21 million ERDF fund
that pays 22c feed-in tariff for each unit
generated from PV panels and fed into the
national grid.
Sebastopol became second Californian
city requiring solar on new homes.
U.S. named Ernest Moniz, head of the
Energy Department and Gina McCarthy
to lead Environmental Protection Agency.
UK published new FIT rates: 4 kW will
20130504
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
$ Billions
Revenue
Income
Inventory
Flextronics
Revenue, Net Income & Inventory
- 17%
5.3-5.6
4/30/13
-8.0
Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
20121110
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Foxconn Electronics (Hon Hai), Taiwan
Revenue, Net Income & Inventory
NT$ (Billions)
Revenue
Income
Inventory
+ 8%
0
Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
FY ends March 31
CY
FLEX
CY
2317
Chart 9. Chart 10.
20110922
70
60
50
40
Installations (GW)
Conservative
Likely
Optimistic
Worldwide PV Installations
Millions
20130426
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
$ Billions
Jabil Circuit Inc
Revenue, Net Income & Inventory
"During the quarter we made great progress on the Nypro acquisition
and believe the market opportunities of our combined capabilities are
considerable. We look forward to a successful completion of this deal
in our fourth fiscal quarter." 3/21/13
Revenue
Income
Inventory
+ 4%
30
20
26.9GW
32.6GW
27.8GW
1.0
0.0
-1.0
4.3-4.5
3/21/13
10
-2.0
Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
CY
JBL
IMS Research 4/12
Chart 11. Chart 12.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 15

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
receive up to £0.1490/KWh; greater than
4 KW and up to 10 KW will receive up
to £0.1350/KWh; and greater than 10
KW and up to 50 KW will receive up to
£0.1257/KWh.
Integration
3Power Energy Group selected Sharif
Rahman as CEO.
Aion filed for bankruptcy.
Carmanah appointed Daniel Nocente to
its Board of Directors.
Coronal Management named Robert
Benedict, Sr., VP of Business Development.
DayStar Technologies appointed Lorne
Rosebourgh, CEO and Interim Chairman
of the Board.
First Solar
• installed over 500 MW of PV projects
in 2012.
• was the top photovoltaic project
installer globally.
Hanergy acquired Engensa.
Martifer Solar named Roland Kiser, CEO
and Raffi Agopian, Chairman of the Board
of Directors.
Miraikikai introduced solar panel robot
that doesn’t need water to clean.
Mitsubishi, Innovation Network acquired
Solar Holding S.R.L.
RenuEn acquired Alquimi Solar.
RevoluSun hired Rae Saito as Oahu Project
Developer.
SolarCity
• appointed Jimmy Chuang, VP of
Structured Finance and Aaron Chew,
VP of Investor Relations.
• was added to Russell 2000 Index.
SolarCraft hired Chet Stromberg as
Director of Sales & Marketing.
Vivint Solar appointed Alex Dunn, Interim
CEO after Tanguy Serra stepped down.
Würth Solar transferred significant part of
its business to BayWa and quit PV business.
Inverters & power supplies
Global inverter sales grew 5% y/y to
US$7.1 billion or 31GW in 2012.—IMS
Research
Global micro-inverter and DC optimizer
technologies demand increased from 51
MW in 2009 to over 785 MW in 2012.—
GTM
3W Power appointed Robert Huljak,
President and GM.
ABB
• acquired Power-One.
• opened solar inverter production line
in Bangalore, India.
Advanced Energy acquired REFUsol.
Power-One surpassed one million solar
photovoltaic inverters sold worldwide.
Satcon Technology converted its bankruptcy
reorganization into a Chapter 7
liquidation.
SMA Solar Technology
• paid €40 million for 72.5% stake in
Jiangsu Zeversolar New Energy.
• Chief Human Resources & Operations
Officer, Jürgen Dolle resigned due to
health reasons.
SolarBridge Technologies named Bill
Mulligan, Executive Chairman and Greg
Vance, VP of Engineering.
Solectria Renewables appointed John
Lavelle, Western Regional Account
20110703
PV Module Demand/Supply Summary
Q1 2010 - Q1 2011
20130428
U.S. Industrial Production
Index (2007=100)
110
IP
45000 MW Supply - base scenario Supply - high scenario
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
Historical/Near Term
Future
105
100
95
90
85
80
15000
75
10000
70
5000
65
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
60
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122013
Bloomberg New Energy Finance 6/11
Demand-conservative
Demand-optimistic
www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/table1_2.htm
Chart 13. Chart 14.
20130501
U.S. Civilian Unemployment Rate
20130505
Industrial Production – World
% Change vs. One Year Earlier
11
10
9
8
7
%
6
5
4
3
2
Britain
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Russia
Spain
Euro Area
Canada
USA
China
India
Malaysia
Singapore
S Korea
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1
Taiwan
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012013
Thailand
Japan
www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm
www.economist.com
- 2.2 Feb
- 5.7 Feb
- 2.5 Feb
- 1.7 Feb
- 3.8 Feb
- 1.7 Feb
+2.4 Mar
- 8.5 Feb
- 3.1 Feb
+ 2.3 Feb
+ 3.5 Mar
+ 8.9 Mar
+ 0.6 Feb
- 4.5 Feb
- 4.1 Mar
- 3.0 Mar
- 3.3 Mar
+ 0.5 Mar
- 7.3 Mar
Chart 15. Chart 16.
16 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
Manager.
Sustainable Energy received $500,000
investment from Doughty Hanson to
accelerate energy storage inverter production.
Market & business conditions
Global PV installations to grow 12% y/y
to over 35GW in 2013 with Asia beating
Europe in solar installations.—IHS
Worldwide solar installations are
expected to grow 14% y/y in 2013 to 34.1
GW with China poised to become world’s
largest installation market.—Bloomberg
Australia
• exceeded one million rooftop solar
systems installed on homes and businesses
on March 12, 2013.
• solar power production is expected to
reach 10 GW by 2017.—Sunwiz and
Solar Business Services
Austria added 230 MW in 2012, expanded
cumulative photovoltaic capacity to 415
MW.—Photovoltaic Austria Federal
Association
China solar production capacity is running
at 60% capacity.—Head of the National
Development and Reform Commission
Emerging Asia Pacific and Central Asia
solar photovoltaic demand to grow by
28% y/y from 723 MW of PV demand
in 2012 to over 3 GW by 2017.—NPD
SolarBuzz
EU imposed tariffs of up to 67.9% on
Chinese solar panels.
Europe’s new solar power installations
fell from 22.4GW in 2011 to 17GW in
2012.—European Photovoltaic Industry
Association
France has 1 GW minimum PV installation
target for 2013.—French Ministry
of Energy, Ecology and Sustainable
Development
Germany installed 775 MW of PV in
1Q13.—Federal Network Agency
Greece added 793 MW of PV in 1Q13.—
LAGIE
India
• installed 980 MW in 2012.—Mercom
Capital
• plans to install 1.3-1.4 GW solar power
in 2013.—Mercom Capital
Italy installed 214 MW of new capacity
was in March, 126 MW added in February,
and 232 MW for January.—Gestore dei
Servizi Energetici
Japan
• solar cell sales increased 147% yr/yr to
1 GW in 4Q12.—Japan Photovoltaic
Energy Association
• plans to install 5 GW solar photovoltaic
capacity in 2013.—IMS Research
• total solar installations are expected
to reach between 6.1 GW to 9.4 GW
Global PV
installations are
expected to grow
12% to over 35
gigawatts in 2013,
with Asia beating
Europe in solar
installations.
in 2013.—Bloomberg New Energy
Finance
Malaysia is aiming for 190 MW of total
installed capacity by 2013 year-end.
Mexico’s solar installations are expected
to double to 60 MW in 2013.—Asociacion
Nacional de Energia Solar
Middle East and Africa photovoltaic
demand to grow 625% y/y to 1 GW in
2013.—NPD SolarBuzz
Netherlands installed 145 MW of new
solar panels in 2012.
Peru’s photovoltaic power plant capacity
exceeded 100 MW, making it the top solar
producing country in South America.
Philippine Solar Power Alliance is
targeting 6.12 MW of grid-tied solar
rooftop installations in the country by year
end 2013.
Portugal added 67.8 MW of photovoltaic
power in 2012 boosting cumulative
installed PV capacity to 225.5 MW.—
DGGE
Scotland is targeting 100% of energy
consumption from renewables by 2020.
South Korea set 2013 new solar installation
target at 230MW.
Germany, Italy, and the UK total new
solar installations reached 2GW in
1Q13.—Digitimes Research
U.S.
• added 44 MW of solar electric capacity
from seven projects in California,
Nevada, New Jersey, Hawaii, Arizona,
and North Carolina in March 2013.—
SEIA
• installed 537 MW of large-scale solar
projects in 1Q13.—U.S. Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission
• net-metered annual capacity surpassed
2 GW in 2012.—SEPA
• solar panel installations grew 76% y/y
in 2012 to 3.3 GW (valued at $11.5
billion) and is expected to grow 29%
y/y to 4.3 GW along with 946 MW of
concentrating solar thermal power in
2013.—SEIA
• solar PV market grew 76% y/y to $11.5
billion in 2012.—GTM Research and
SEIA
Top 10 U.S. States for Photovoltaic Solar
Installations in 2012:
1. California, 1,033 Mw installed
2. Arizona, 710 Mw
3. New Jersey, 415 Mw
4. Nevada, 198 Mw
5. North Carolina, 132 Mw
6. Massachusetts, 129 Mw
7. Hawaii, 109 Mw
8. Maryland, 74 Mw
9. Texas, 64 Mw
10. New York, 60 Mw
—GTM Research and SEIA
Hawaii residents and businesses added
108.7 MW of solar energy generating
capacity in 2012.
Massachusetts
• reached administration’s target of
installing 250 MW of solar energy by
2017.
• governor revealed new goal of 1.6 GW
by 2020.
New Jersey installed solar energy
surpassed 1 GW (on a total of 20,300 solar
projects) on March 2013.—State Board of
Public Utilities
UK solar power-generating capacity went
from practically zero to around 2.5GW in
two years.
Ukraine installed capacity of solar power
plants reached 371.6 MW in 2012 on FiT
introduction.
Materials & components
Global silver inks and pastes market to
reach $7.8 billion in 2013.—NanoMarkets
Indian photovoltaics chemicals and
materials market is expected to grow from
$1.05 billion in 2012 to $2.05 billion in
2015.—Frost & Sullivan
3M expanded its solar-panel film manufacturing
plant in Columbia, Mo.
BioSolar received first commercial
BioBacksheet order.
Centrosolar Group sold 100% of
Centrosolar Glas to Ducatt NV.
CSA Group opened new wire and cable
testing and certification laboratory in
Guangzhou, and expanded photovoltaic
product testing capabilities in Kunshan,
China.
Dow began operation on photovoltaic film
production line in Schkopau, Germany.
Dowa raised silver output by 40% to
meet solar-cell demand after the 2011
Fukushima disaster.
Eastman Chemical introduced polyvinyl
butyral solar interlayer, SaflexSG.
JPS Industries
• appointed Robert Capozzi, and four
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 17

Trading places: Emerging markets move to the forefront
new members Jack Howard, Alan
Howe, John Quicke and Mikel Williams
to serve one-year terms as board of
directors.
• named former president, CEO and
director of DDi, Mikel Williams to
position of CEO and President.
Nippon Electric Glass developed thinner
glass material for the protective covers for
dye-sensitized solar cells.
Royal DSM
• acquired SolarExcel BV.
• opened KhepriCoat anti-reflective
coating manufacturing plant in Geleen,
Netherlands.
Tanaka Precious Metals obtained ISO/
IEC17025 accreditation for silver analysis
technology in Japan.
Process equipment
Applied Materials named Bob Halliday, Sr
VP and CFO.
centrotherm sold its subsidiary, GP Solar
to ISRA VISION.
DEK Solar opened Suzhou Technology
Center in China.
GEFRAN appointed Mick White as
Southeast Regional Sales Manager,
Industrial Sensor and Automation
Products.
IPG Photonics acquired Mobius
Photonics.
Mondragon Assembly received 30 MW
turnkey solar manufacturing line order
from Alfa Solar.
PARC redesigned printers to produce solar
panels, batteries.
Silicon ingot wafer
Solar wafer production is forecast to grow
19% in 2013, passing 30GW and recovering
to 2011 levels.—SolarBuzz
1366 Technologies added Yasheng Huang
to its Board of Directors.
Comtec Solar set up Sarawak solar wafer
plant in Sama Jaya Free Industrial Zone.
Danen started volume production of solar
wafers with 17.6% energy efficiency.
Daqo COO, Qiangmin Zhou resigned.
Globe Specialty Metals’ CFO, Malcolm
Appelbaum will leave company in August
2013.
Hemlock Semiconductor cut 50 jobs in
Michigan and 300 employees in Clarksville,
Tennessee.
Hyundai Heavy exited polysilicon business
and withdrew its shares from Korean
Advanced Materials jv.
JX Nippon Oil & Energy ended its solargrade
poly-silicon business due to serious
price competition.
LDK slashed workforce and manufacturing
capacity as it seeked investors to
Solar wafer
production is
forecast to grow 19%
in 2013, passing
30 gigawatts and
recovering to 2011
levels.
refinance $3 billion in debt.
MEMC changed its name to SunEdison.
Sanyo Solar laid off 52 workers in Salem,
Oregon.
Sino-American Silicon acquired Sino
Solar.
Solargiga’s 900MW monocrystalline wafer
production fully booked in 2013.
Spectrolab introduced 50% larger solar cell
wafer that it claims will reduce customers’
costs by 10-15%.
Thin film
Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) market
will slowly grow to over $130 million by
2023—IDTechEx
AIST developed novel light-trapping
structure to enhance optical absorption
inside thin-film silicon solar cells resulting
in 10.5% conversion efficiency.
Avancis closed 20 MW CIGS PV facility in
Germany.
DayStar Technologies was acquired by
PacWest Equities.
Dow Chemical acquired NuvoSun.
Dyesol achieved solid-state DSC 11.3%
efficiency at full sun.
First Solar
• achieved 16.1% total area efficiency for
CdTe Module. launched Series 3 black
module.
• acquired TetraSun.
• was the #1 solar developer in the world
(based on March 2013 data), the #1
solar EPC contractor in the world
(same data source), and the #2 solar
module manufacturer in the world
(based on 2012 figures).
• laid off 150 North American workers.
• Ex. VP of Sales, James Brown resigned.
Hanergy Group
• is investing RMB2.4 billion to construct
300MW CIGS cell module thin-film
solar cell plant in Zhuzhou, China.
• established Hanergy Global Solar
Power and Applications Group,
comprising four business units and six
regional offices.
Hanyang University and Stanford
University jointly fabricated peel-andstick
thin film solar cells.
Magnolia Solar, SUNY NanoCollege
and U.S. Photovoltaic Manufacturing
Consortium demonstrated flexible CIGS
solar cell with 13% efficiency.
MiaSole added 200 employees at its Santa
Clara, CA HQ.
Midsummer began producing individual
CIGS thin film cells on stainless steel
substrate.
Nanosolar terminated 170 employees at its
San Jose, California HQ.
Solar Frontier restarted thin-film solar
module manufacturing at its Miyazaki No.
2 Plant in Kiyotakecho, Miyazaki, Japan.
Solar Press is developing printed solar
cells for powering air quality sensors for
building energy management systems.
Solexant named Dr. Markus Beck, CTO.
SoloPower
• closed its Portland, Oregon plant.
• laid off 61 employees in San Jose,
California.
T-Solar laid off 170 employees in Ourense,
Spain.
XsunX appointed John Tuttle to its
Advisory Board.
CVD Equipment moved into new HQ in
Central Islip, New York.
Trade organizations
SEIA VP, John Smirnow was named
Chairman of US Department of Commerce
Advisory Committee.
SEMI released 4th edition of the
International Technology Roadmap for PV.
Jon Custer-Topai is vice president of Custer
Consulting Group and responsible for the
corporation’s market research and news
analysis activities. Jon is a member of the
IPC and active in the Technology Marketing
Research Council. jon@custerconsulting.
com
18 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

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Title New products
New products
Hanwha SolarOne launches
new generation HSL Series
Hanwha SolarOne Co. Ltd. has globally
launched its new generation modules—the
HSL Series. Compared to previous generation
modules, these offer a smaller and
lighter design, higher power output and
enhanced durability, with new features like
anti-PID (potential induced degradation)
technology, anti-salt mist corrosion and
increased snow and wind loads.
www.hanwha-solarone.com
KACO new energy introduces
the blueplanet 50.0, 40.0 and
32.0 TL3 inverters in North
America
Designed as a global platform, the blueplanet
50.0 TL3 product line is based on
the 39.0 TL3 with 700 MW of installed
capacity globally. The blueplanet 50.0 TL3
is designed for UL 1741 listing with 1000
VDC operation and 480 VAC grid tie
operation. Three power ratings are available:
32, 40 and 50kW with the choice of
a single MPP or three MPP model option.
Maximum energy yield, PV system design
flexibility, safety, and low maintenance
are the goals of the blueplanet 50.0 TL3
product line. www.kaco-newenergy.com
SolarWorld introduces glassglass
solar panel featuring
30-year linear guarantee
SolarWorld today introduced its
Sunmodule Protect glass-glass solar panel.
No heavier than a standard glass-film panel,
the innovative new product is protected
by one of the industry’s highest-value
performance guarantees. In Sunmodule
Protect solar panels, SolarWorld substitutes
a panel’s conventional backsheet with
lightweight glass to better shield energyproducing
solar cells from the elements.
This advance enables SolarWorld to extend
its linear performance guarantee to 30
years, up from 25 years, offering only 0.35
percentage points in lower performance
protection over each of the 30 years.
www.solarworld-usa.com
Susterra® Propanediol used
in Greenway® solar heat
transfer fluids
DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products announces
the introduction of Greenway® solar heat
transfer fluids manufactured by Climalife
and made with Susterra® propanediol.
Susterra® propanediol offers solar thermal
equipment owners a high performing,
biobased glycol which can improve energy
efficiency and reduce maintenance costs.
Susterra® is certified 100 percent biobased
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
making it attractive for companies seeking
to add renewable content to their products.
www.duponttateandlyle.com
integrators and
installers
Tokyo Electron Device
expandes lineup of IGBT Gate
Drivers with on-board optical
fiber interface
Tokyo Electron Device Limited has
announced the launch of the newly
developed IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistor) gate driver TD-BD-IGFB05K
with an on-board optical fiber interface
that enables control of 1700V/1200A class
IGBTs on a single board. As plants for solar
power generation, wind power generation
and industrial-use inverters grow in size,
systems for controlling high-voltage and
high-current loads are becoming more
complex. However, the reliability of such
systems that use cables to connect with
control boards cannot always be assured
because of “noise,” the effects of lightning,
etc. www.teldevice.co.jp
aleo solar with
comprehensive portfolio for
self consumption systems
With residential electricity prices rising
and solar power subsidies falling, self
consumption is now an attractive supplement
to grid feed-in. Recognizing this, aleo
solar has made extensive additions to its
product portfolio—from system components
optimized for self consumption to a
professional training course for installers.
System owners can thus gain independence
from rising electricity prices. The aleo Solar
Calculator can be used to work out the
impact of self consumption on the operating
efficiency of a photovoltaic system.
www.aleo-solar.de
20 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

New products
AEG Power Solutions
introduces new Protect
PV.800 inverters with grid
stabilizing features
AEG Power Solutions has enhanced its
product portfolio with an 880 kVA central
solar inverter, the Protect PV.800. AEG PS
has expanded its product spectrum for
high-end output solar equipment and integrated
grid stabilizing features, answering
proactively to a major technical concern on
the market. The PV.800 is a new member
of the Protect PV solar inverter family that
includes the PV.250, PV.500 and PV.630
in various indoor and outdoor configurations.
The Protect PV.800 is able to support
up to 1300 kWp. www.aegps.com
Vishay Intertechnology
introduces metallized
polypropylene film snubber
capacitor for direct IGBT
mounting
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. has introduced
a new high-performance metallized
polypropylene film snubber capacitor.
Configurable for direct mounting
on insulated gate bipolar transistor
(IGBT) modules, the Vishay Roederstein
MKP386M features a wide capacitance
range from 0.047 to 10 microfarads, hightemperature
operation to + 105 °C, and
seven voltage ratings from 700 VDC to
2500 VDC and 420 VAC to 800 VAC. www.
vishay.com
SilTRUST* E110 silicone PV
encapsulant now listed in the
UL photovoltaic materials
database
Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
informed that SilTRUST* E110 liquid
silicone encapsulant is now listed in the
UL photovoltaic materials database (File
# E360688). The SilTRUST E110 liquid
silicone encapsulant can enable photovoltaic
module makers to boost efficiency
and durability of crystalline silicon PV
modules. SilTRUST E110 typically exhibits
superior stability under extreme humidity,
temperature and UV-radiation conditions,
resulting in significant end-user benefits
over the useful lifetime of a photovoltaic
array installation. Developed with
building-integrated PV applications in
mind, SilTRUST E110 can help fulfill longterm
aesthetics requirements and demonstrate
durable, high-efficiency levels. www.
momentive.com
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 21

Overcoming the structural challenges of a solar pyramid
Case study—
Overcoming the structural
challenges of a solar pyramid
Tom King has come full circle. The
managing director of Sustainable
Renewable Technologies (SRT) began his
career as a land surveyor in the coal mining
industry in exactly the same location as
where he is now implementing his current
model project. SRT has fitted solar panels
to the entire exterior of Survey Solutions
Scotland’s striking pyramid-shaped office,
which is located in the Scottish town
of Loanhead, just south of Edinburgh.
Completing the project took the planners
down a long and winding road with many
challenges being met along the way.
It was King himself who presented the
idea for the project to Survey Solutions
Scotland. Having already expressed
an interest to other project planners
in installing a solar system onto their
building and having been rejected each
time, it was easy to convince them of the
idea. In addition to using the project to
reduce their energy costs and to prove
that they are playing a part in combatting
climate change, the company wished
to improve the external appearance of
their headquarters. Being land surveyors,
Survey Solutions Scotland wanted the solar
system to fit seamlessly with the building’s
straight lines. This meant avoiding
the traditional stepped-edge finish that
appears when rectangular solar modules
are used. In conjunction with the building’s
unusual inclination, this provided another
reason for many companies declaring the
project “impossible.” Despite these obstacles,
however, Tom King took control of the
design layout and financing of the project
in 2012.
Mock solar panels create the
perfect triangle
To ensure that each side of the pyramid
consisted of a perfect triangle of solar
panels, the SRT project planners sought
advice from a graphic design company. The
graphic designers came up with the idea of
using mock solar panels on the edges of
the triangles that look remarkably like the
installed modules themselves. The mock
panels were cut in such a way to ensure
Tom King, managing director of Sustainable Renewable Technology, in front of the new
pyramid-shaped office of Survey Solutions Scotland.
they were level with the PV modules and
the pyramid’s edges. The installation, which
has a capacity of 48.25 kWp, comprises
193 Jetion JT250 SBb modules and four
Danfoss TLX 12.5 inverters.
“The scaffolding design was a work of
art in itself,” explains Tom King. This was
owing not only to the unique shape of the
building’s lateral surfaces but, more importantly,
to its steep inclination of almost 45
degrees, which meant that using conventional
vertical scaffolding was ruled out
from the word go. Steps had to be taken to
ensure that the building was not damaged
by the scaffolding or the additional weight
of the solar modules and the materials
used to fix them in place. This was ultimately
achieved by adding extra weight
to the foot of the scaffolding to minimise
the direct load imposed on the building.
Additionally, the process used to install
the modules was adapted appropriately,
with solar panels being installed to the
top of the pyramid first. As the installation
of each row of panels was completed,
a section of the scaffolding was removed,
allowing the installation team to work their
way down the building. It was therefore
essential that the solar modules were fixed
securely in place before the scaffolding was
lowered. The project used the MetaSole
mounting system designed by German
manufacturer Renusol. “It is the best
system around,” stresses King. Only a few
components are required for the modules
to be directly fastened to the roof, namely
a clamp base, two thin sheet metal screws
with a special coating, one end clamp and
one middle clamp, and the modules are
fixed without the need for mounting rails.
22 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Overcoming the structural challenges of a solar pyramid
The screws, which boast a cone point that
penetrates material, mean that there is no
need for pilot drilling, reducing the installation
time further. “The clamps are incredibly
quick and easy to install, allowing us to
save a lot of time as well as costs during the
installation process.”
Exciting flagship project
Implementing this project on the pyramidshaped
building sparked Tom King’s
interest for several reasons: “Fitting this
striking building with solar modules
was the perfect way of making Survey
Solutions Scotland’s commitment to the
environment visible to the general public.
Furthermore, it was of course also in my
own interest to implement a bold flagship
project in order to make my company
better known.”
The weather also posed a challenge to
the installers. Scotland normally enjoys
some of its most pleasant weather in July
but in 2012, the rain was so heavy that on
many days it was too dangerous for the
installers to go up onto the roof. As a result,
the four weeks originally envisaged for the
installation work turned into seven but
despite this delay, the project was still able
to be completed in time.
In addition to its increased energy efficiency
and lower CO2 emissions, the client
Survey Solutions Scotland is particularly
satisfied with the aesthetic features of
the design, which complement the building’s
straight lines. The completed system
generates more than 41,000 kWh of power
annually, which is enough to cover 85
percent of Survey Solutions Scotland’s
annual power requirements. The innovative
solar solution provides the company
with an overall profit of 10,000 pounds per
year, saving around 36 metric tons of CO2
emissions annually. Tom King is delighted
that having started his career with “black”
energy in the very same location 35 years
ago, he has now been able to play a part in
driving forward “green” energy in Scotland.
The MetaSole mounting system designed
by Renusol allowed the solar modules to
be fixed securely to the scaffolding without
the need for mounting rails or pilot drilling.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 23

Spice Village Resort, India, gets off the grid
Case study—
Spice Village Resort, India, gets
off the grid
Spice Village, founded in 1992, is a
56-cottage solar-powered off-grid ecoresort
on the border of the Periyar Tiger
Reserve in the Kerala province of Southern
India. Described as “a tribute to ancient
ways of life” where “hewn stone replaces
shag carpets” and “birdsong takes the place
of television,” the resort provides comfort
for modern travelers while giving them a
chance to enjoy a simple “back-tonature”
experience.
Considering the recent trends and
growing demand of the global traveler for
eco-friendly destinations and properties,
the hospitality industry is under pressure
to “go green” to ensure the lowest possible
environmental impact from tourism. For
this reason, the management at Spice
Village decided to use energy efficient
measures and solar power to make Spice
Village a low carbon emissions resort. In
late 2011, Spice Village hired solar company,
TeamSustain, to design and install an
off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system for the
resort. TeamSustain is a leading green technology
solutions provider based in Cochin,
India. The company offers cost-effective
logistics and infrastructure solutions for
sustainable resource utilization to markets
around the world. Until June 2012, the
resort was connected to the electrical grid
100% of the time during grid availability,
and it also relied on a diesel generator for
backup power due to poor grid quality.
The generator ran eight hours a day to
supply power to the cottages and resort
buildings. Not only was it noisy, but it was
time consuming and costly to maintain,
and expensive to run since fuel had to be
purchased and transported from far away.
The previous system consisted of two
generators with capacities of 125kVA and
200kVA which produced almost 62,000
kWh a year.
By analyzing a compilation of energy
audit data and identifying how to reduce
the electrical load without compromising
the use of necessary facilities or comforts,
TeamSustain was able to recommend
an improvement in the resort’s energy
efficiency, reducing the daily consumption
from 750kWh to 200kWh. As a first
step, incandescent and florescent lighting
was replaced with LED lighting, desktop
computers were replaced with laptop
computers, and electrical appliances
including ceiling fans, TVs and refrigerators
were upgraded to more efficient
models. In addition, the eco-resort plans to
revamp the laundry and the kitchen areas
to include more efficient appliances to help
reduce the overall load to achieve the 200
kWh daily goal. The existing diesel gensets
will also be replaced by biodiesel gensets in
the future to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Once the initial energy efficiency
upgrades were made, TeamSustain
designed a 65kWp battery-based PV system
for Spice Village. The system was designed
to support the full load of the resort during
the daytime after implementing the energy
efficiency measures identified in the energy
audit. After all upgrades are made, the new
PV system will generate enough solar electricity
to meet 100% of the resort’s power
needs. The biodiesel genset will only be
used during the rainy monsoon months
for a few hours a day to compensate for the
short fall of PV energy production.
The PV system consists of 650, 100Wp
thin film PV modules wired in 108 strings
of six modules per string for a total array
size of 65kWp. They are mounted in a
fixed array with a 16 degree tilt. Due to the
high vegetation of the area and adhering
to a mandate that no trees could be cut,
TeamSustain used a space frame structure
to raise the solar array 33 feet above the
ground to avoid shading. A space frame
structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid
structure designed using interlocking
struts in a geometric pattern, and is ideal to
span large areas with few interior support
requirements. This elevated design also
maximizes irradiance and utilizes the
area underneath for tennis and basketball
courts.
Thin-film PV modules were chosen
due to the typical climatic conditions at
Spice Village of overcast skies and high
temperatures. The amorphous silicon
(a-Si), thin-film PV modules are expected
to provide a 15% higher yield than conventional
crystalline PV modules in this
environment. TeamSustain’s AC-coupled
micro-grid PV system features a 65 kWp
PV array, nine PV string inverters totaling
67.5 kW of capacity for the PV energy
contribution in AC energy, and, nine dualmode
inverter-chargers in clusters of three
for a total capacity of 45kW. The AC energy
coming from the PV string inverters is
used by the load and/or stored through
the three clusters, in three deep-cycle
flooded 2V battery banks, each consisting
of being 2,722 Ah @ C10 @ 1.80VPC. For
the 65 kWp PV array, a SMA PV string
inverter, Sunny Mini Central 7000HV
24 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Spice Village Resort, India, gets off the grid
(SMC) of 7.5 kW nominal capacity, was
selected because the SMC has a high
800VDC input voltage capacity, allowing
the PV array to be configured with more
PV modules in series than if standard PV
string inverters were selected. This resulted
in reducing the DC cabling size of the PV
array and simplifying the PV array installation.
In addition, the SMA SMC inverters
feature one of the best maximumpowerpoint-tracking
(MPPT) efficiency with its
OptiTrac Tracking, allowing optimum use
of the PV energy produced. An installed
Sunny Webox allows detailed monitoring
of the PV energy contribution.
Three SMA Clusters, each featuring
three dual-mode SMA Sunny Island 5048
inverter-chargers, convert the excess of AC
energy not used by the load into DC energy
to charge the battery banks. When required,
the DC energy stored in the batteries will
be converted into AC energy to power the
AC load. The SMA Sunny Island 5048 is
a highly efficient, easy-to-configure dualmode
inverter-charger of 5 kW at 48V. Its
intelligent battery management system
helps ensure maximum battery life.
The energy produced by the thinfilm
PV modules is stored in 72 Trojan
deep-cycle flooded IND29-4V Industrial
batteries. Trojan batteries were chosen by
TeamSustain due to their reputation for
high quality and reliability, the fact that
they were made in the USA and because
the size of the Industrial batteries met
the specifications of the project design.
Flooded deep-cycle batteries were chosen
for the project over valve-regulated leadacid
(VRLA) batteries because of their
affordability and durability. Since the
resort has a maintenance program in place,
watering the batteries periodically with
distilled water will not be an issue. Trojan’s
Industrial batteries have wide plates which
allow for more electrolyte to be stored at
the top of the plates, allowing for longer
intervals between watering.
The battery bank size was designed by
TeamSustain for a daily usage of maximum
50 percent depth of discharge, with each
battery providing a 1,361 Amp-hour
capacity at C10 at 1.80VPC. There are
three 2,722 Ah at 48V battery banks in
the system, totaling 8,166 Ah capacity.
Each 48V battery bank, connected to one
SMA Cluster, is configured as two strings
in parallel, each string consisting of eight
Trojan IND29-4V batteries in series.
Trojan’s deep-cycle flooded battery
technology requires simple maintenance
to ensure maximum battery life, which
includes adding distilled water to the individual
cells regularly.
Trojan’s Industrial line of flooded
deep-cycle batteries is designed for 1,500
cycles at 80 % depth of discharge and is
specifically engineered to withstand the
rigorous conditions of renewable energy
applications including extreme temperatures,
remote locations and the intermittent
nature of solar power generation.
These batteries are designed to be cycled
regularly and are engineered to perform
optimally under conditions where the
batteries operate in a partial state of
charge; a common occurrence in renewable
energy applications due to the varying
levels of irradiance, temperature, and available
sun hours.
The anticipated payback time for the
PV system is five years. Spice Village has
applied for a 30% subsidy from the Indian
government on capital costs as part of the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM) Rooftop Plant Program. This
project is also eligible to earn carbon
credits since there is an expected carbon
reduction of 256 tons of CO₂. Overall,
Spice Village expects to save nearly $45,000
per year by switching to solar energy.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 25

Events
Upcoming Event
Prevailing trends, latest
technologies and international
markets at Intersolar Europe
Intersolar Europe, the world’s largest exhibition
for the solar industry, re-opens its
doors at Messe München on June 19. Under
the motto Connecting Solar Business,
visitors can find out about recent trends
and developments across the solar industry
from manufacturers, suppliers, distributors,
service providers and partners working in
this sector. In 2013, around 1,500 exhibitors
are showcasing their products and
services in the fields of photovoltaics
(PV), PV production technology, energy
storage systems and solar thermal technology.
Exhibiting companies can benefit
from 121,000 square meters of exhibition
space in 12 halls and a large outdoor area.
Over 60,000 industry professionals from
160 countries are expected at the three-day
Intersolar Europe event at Messe München
to learn about the latest developments and
trends across the solar industry.
Pioneering products at the
Innovation Exchange
Those wanting to discover the international
solar industry’s latest trends and hottest
technologies should be sure to visit the
Innovation Exchange at Intersolar Europe
2013 in hall B2, booth B2.450, where
exhibitors showcase their innovations
during 15-minute presentations. What’s
more, experts from each company are on
hand afterwards to give further information.
In 2013, exhibitors present innovative
technologies in the fields of PV and energy
storage systems, substructures for commercial
roofs as well as new inverter functions.
The Intersolar AWARD ceremony
is a particular highlight this year, taking
place on June 19, 2013 from 4:30pm at the
Innovation Exchange, which is also where
the AWARD nominees will be revealed
on June 20. The AWARD is presented to
Intersolar Europe
June 17-21 2013
Munich, Germany
intersolar.de
international companies that have demonstrated
their innovative strength with
outstanding services and products. An
independent jury comprising experts from
science, industry, research and the trade
media select up to three winners in the
fields of Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal
Technologies, as well as Solar Projects in
Europe, which is making its first appearance
this year. The renowned solar prize
is awarded by Intersolar Europe in cooperation
with the Berlin-based German
26 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Events
Solar Industry Association
(BSW-Solar). SolarEdge
Technologies Inc. from Hod
Hasharon, Israel is sponsoring
this year’s Innovation
Exchange.
Energy storage
systems, on-site
consumption and
grid integration at
Intersolar Europe 2013
The Energy Storage Systems product group
alone has received 170 exhibitors registrations.
Most of the exhibitors can be found
in hall B5, right next to the exhibition area
for inverter manufacturers. PV ENERGY
WORLD, an international stage for the
latest technologies and trends in photovoltaics
and energy storage, is also located at
the center of hall B5. The latest challenges
facing the change to a new energy supply
system form the main focus here. Expert
presentations cover topics such as on-site
consumption of solar power generated on
the premises, grid integration and storage
solutions for private households, industrial
and commercial buildings, accompanied
by discussions about municipal energy
concepts and models of energy cooperatives.
PV ENERGY WORLD is presented
by Intersolar Europe in association with
the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems ISE, Freiburg and the Association
of European Automotive and Industrial
Battery Manufacturers (EUROBAT) from
Brussels, Belgium. Following its successful
launch last year, the PV and E-Mobility
special exhibit is once again displayed
at Messe München’s outdoor area at
Intersolar Europe 2013. This special exhibit
focuses on the latest PV carport solutions,
charging stations and electric vehicles.
Rural electrification, special
workshops & exhibition tours
BSW-Solar is once again organizing the
Rural Electrification special exhibit at
Intersolar Europe, where 13 companies
showcase their products and
services in the field of off-grid
power supply in hall B5, booth
B5.170. BSW-Solar experts
and exhibiting companies
are available at the booth
to answer any questions on
rural electrification. As part
of a three-day presentation
program, exhibiting companies
offer their experience
of supplying electricity to
off-grid regions in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. This year, visitors can also gain
practical insights during three special
workshops focused on Photovoltaics
on Industrial and Commercial Roofs -
Practical Aspects, Financing and Building
Regulations, Tips and Tricks for Installing
Electricity Storage Systems and Solar
Process Heat for Breweries. What’s more,
various exhibition tours help visitors to get
to grips with the exhibition topics of PV
on Industry and Commercial Buildings,
Energy Storage Systems and Solar Thermal
Technologies—Process Heat.
The Joint Forces for Solar
networking event
The Joint Forces for Solar initiative unites
key players along the entire value-added
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 27

Events
chain, from international corporations
to local installers. This year, PV manufacturers
from installation companies will
meet again to debate current and future
industry trends at the fifth PV Briefing &
Networking Forum Europe, supported by
the Bonn-based market research company,
EuPD Research. Markus A.W. Hoehner,
CEO of EuPD Research, reports on the
latest developments, future opportunities
and current trends across the European
PV market in his talk at the Innovation
Exchange (hall B2, booth B2.450) on
June 20 from 4:00pm–6:00pm. The panel
discussion Industry Leader’s Debate on the
Future of PV and Energy Storage Solutions
will then shed light on electricity storage
and the future of the European PV market.
Markets, trends and
new technologies at the
Intersolar Europe Conference
2013
The Intersolar Europe Conference is once
again taking place alongside Intersolar
Europe from June 17 - 20, 2013. In total,
2,000 attendees and around 400 speakers
from all over the world are meeting at the
International Congress Centre Munich
(ICM) for the Intersolar Conference
and Side Events. Here, discussion covers
current conditions and developments in
international markets, as well the latest
technologies and trends, shining the
spotlight across the industry spectrum
from photovoltaics and PV production
technologies to energy storage and solar
thermal technology. The highlights of this
year’s conference include the latest electricity
storage technologies, power grid
stability, new markets in the Middle East
and North Africa (MENA region), new
business models for the PV industry, largescale
PV power plants and new cell and
concentrator designs for PV production.
Solar thermal technologies form the focus
in topics including international market
development, the latest trends and developments
in heat storage, industrial process
heat and large-scale solar thermal plants.
Upcoming Event
Moving the UK solar market past
the ‘boom and bust’ stage
The UK solar PV market is making headlines
again as its 500 MW of installed
capacity accounted for 10% of the global
installations in the first quarter of 2013.
As a result, the UK market passed the 2
GigaWatt mark of cumulative installed solar
capacity. 2012 hasn’t been a bad year either.
Government statistics confirm 779 MW of
installed PV capacity in 2012. According to
Solarbuzz, 11.3% of the UK’s electricity last
year was generated from renewable energy
sources.
The UK market is experiencing a new
‘bloom’ period; however, based on past
trends, this could just as well be considered
a new ‘boom’ period.
Roughly, the development of the British
market can be divided into four phases.
First, there was a period of slow growth
before the first Feed-in Tariff (FiT). Then
there was the first boom in 2011, caused by
the FiT. The third period followed the FiT
cuts and was characterized by adjustment
and a search for new financing models.
In 2012, boosted by the Renewables
Obligation Certificates (ROCs) scheme,
the ground-mounted segment saw a rise in
popularity, though most installations that
year were still rooftop systems. The new
ground-mounted ‘boom’ really came into
its own in the first quarter of 2013, leading
to the spectacular numbers that put the UK
back on the map. But now that 31st March
has come and gone and support under the
ROC scheme has been reduced, the market
could well come to another standstill.
It seems that the UK market is still characterized
by a ‘boom and bust’ trend. Many
experts and market players are calling
for updated FiT policies to stimulate new
market growth. The real question should be:
How can the UK market really move past
the ‘boom and bust’ stage?
To try to find an answer to this question,
Solarplaza, in cooperation with the BPVA, is
bringing together their best lineup of solar
experts ever for the fourth edition of ‘The
Solar Future: UK’ conference. This highlevel
strategy conference will feature solar
visionaries such as Jeremy Leggett (Founder
& Chairman, Solarcentury) Anton Milner
(Managing Director, ib Vogt & Founder,
Q-Cells), Jigar Shah (Founder, SunEdison
& former CEO, Carbon War Room),
Thierry Lepercq (Chairman, Solairedirect),
Nick Boyle (CEO, Lightsource Renewable
Energy) and Reza Shaybani (Chairman,
BPVA). These and many other international
veterans will share their visions about a
future solar UK market beyond any government
support—the central message being
that the future of solar PV goes beyond any
The Solar Future UK
July 16, 2013
London, UK
thesolarfuture.co.uk
government support.
Some of the major themes that will be
covered include topics such as the global
solar PV industry developments impacting
the UK market, smart grids, grid integration,
smart energy management and the realistic
potential of energy storage. Furthermore,
the expert speakers will identify the most
attractive elements per market segment
and highlight the best—and sometimes
most creative—ways of financing projects
without being reliant on government
subsidies. Examples of subsidy-free yet
successful markets such as the Netherlands
will be highlighted and explained.
28 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Events
Upcoming Event
Int’l conference on backsheets,
encapsulants & other polymer
materials in PV systems
Reliable materials are vital for the 25-year
target lifespan of PV modules, and this
includes the polymer components that
encapsulate the silicon, the backsheets
that prevent ingress of moisture and give
protection from the environment, adhesives,
sealants and front sheets that all
play a role in securing long-term integrity.
Applied Market Information (AMI) is
bringing the industry together in the US
to review the latest developments. Plastics
in Photovoltaics 2013 will take place on
September 10-11 at the Hilton City Avenue,
Philadelphia, PA.
Topics covered will include the solar
power market in the U.S., solar polymer
materials in harsh climates, fire performance
of roof-mounted modules, laboratory
UV exposure testing compared
to real-life conditions, EVA alternatives,
performance parameters of backsheet
materials, and new solar technologies.
Plastics in
Photovoltaics 2013
Sept. 10-11, 2013
Philadelphia, PA, USA
www.amiplastics-na.com
AZISNA2013_Global Solar Technology_7x4inch_Layout 1 23.05.13 16:47 Seite 1
North America’s Premier
Exhibition and Conference
for the Solar Industry
Moscone Center, San Francisco
Tap into the incredible potential of the
U.S. solar market
Connect with 650 international
exhibitors and learn about their latest
technological innovations
Gain insights to advance your business
Take an in-depth look at the industry’s
hottest topics at our free workshops
Go solar at North America’s
most-attended solar event!
Co-located with
Register now!
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 29

Events
Event Report
Visitor numbers surpass
expectations at The Innovation
Cloud—Solarexpo
A high level of attendance and a great sense
of satisfaction, together with renewed
dynamism among operators, marked the
first edition of The Innovation Cloud—
Solarexpo, which ended May 10th after
three days at Fiera Milano-Rho, Spain.
31,300 visitors from 83 countries,
acknowledged by exhibitors as being among
the leading professionals in the field, came
to the Trade Fair’s pavilions and took part
in 60 conferences of national and international
significance. All the operators praised
the exhibition’s innovative approach in
presenting the changes in the world of
cutting-edge energy technologies.
“In just three days, our exhibition
brought operators to a shared conviction:
notwithstanding the fact that the macroeconomic
framework of the country is still
very difficult and many uncertainties in the
regulations persist, the worst is over,” said
Luca Zingale, founder and scientific director
of The Innovation Cloud. “Our approach
to staging the event is flexible and open to
the changes affecting the market and the
industry. The operators have accepted our
invitation to share the latest advances and
we are grateful to them for that.”
The events of The Innovation Cloud-
Solarexpo provided the framework for an
open, in-depth discussion about the future
of the solar market, both in the context of
grid-parity, such as the post-incentives
Italian market, and in the global arena,
through the Global Solar Summit.
The conference “Photovoltaic Energy
in Italy after ContoEnergia (the feed-in
tariff scheme)” drew a large audience to
a lively debate over the growing penetration
of photovoltaic power in the national
electricity system. In this area, a common
position emerged between the Energy
Authority and the Ministry of Economic
Development, represented respectively by
Andrea Galliani and Luciano Barra, over
the proposal to extend the system’s charges
to solar electricity, which has so far been
exempt.
The topicality of the hybridization
of technologies for intelligent buildings,
networks and cities was expressed from
various points of view, embracing innovation
in construction in favor of energy efficiency
and climate control, the new LED
technologies and distribution networks in
view of smart grids. One of the conferences
organized by RSE (Research on the Energy
System) bore the title “E-Clima: climate
control from renewable sources” and this
was a much appreciated opportunity for
an in-depth examination of the awareness
of innovation, applications and the potential
of heat pumps, combined with solar
energy. Proper instruments of support and
electricity tariffs designed specifically for
this technology emerged as desirable conditions
in order to effectively achieve the
widest uptake of climate control equipment
powered by heat pumps.
An attitude of greater openness towards
energy efficiency and a sustainable lifestyle
but limited awareness about the
technological solutions to be adopted in
order to achieve these goals was, was the
main conclusion of a survey over Italian
families focused on “Energy saving and
comfort in buildings” carried out by ISPO
on behalf of ANIE Confindustria and
presented as part of a conference held at
the end of the third day. A proposal for an
energy strategy up to 2030 was put before
the public decision-makers and the public
organizations active in the sector (the
Energy Authority, GSE, ENEA, CNR etc.)
by the organization CoordinamentoFREE,
which brings together associations in
the sector of renewable electricity and
thermal sources and energy efficiency. In
the conference “Towards a Sustainable
Energy Strategy. Scenarios up to 2030,”
CoordinamentoFREE explained its position
paper and presented an E-book in response
to what has been widely acknowledged as
“the systematic disinformation on photovoltaic.”
Furthermore, the events made possible
a targeted, effective approach to the challenge
of internationalization, which was the
topic of many opportunities for updating
and discussion with associations and
research centers of international standing.
Two cooperation agreements and the
launch of the first six green energy projects
were announced as part of the conference
“Delivering renewable solutions within
the Mediterranean electricity market” by
RES4MED, the association formed by Enel
Green Power, Edison, CESI, GSE, PwC and
Milan Polytechnic in order to share strategies
and experiences for a proper transition
to clean energy in the Mediterranean. The
availability of new financial instruments
targeted at the development needs of green
companies was the focus of great interest,
especially during Green Investor Day, which
facilitated meetings and discussion between
financial investors, banks and listed companies.
www.innovationcloud-expo.com
30 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Analyst Buzz
Analyst Buzz Title
Solar PV demand to reach 31
GW in 2013, according to NPD
Solarbuzz
Solar photovoltaic (PV) demand will
increase two gigawatts (GW), from 29
GW to 31 GW during 2013, up 7 percent
Y/Y according to the new NPD Solarbuzz
Marketbuzz 2013. For the first time, China
will outpace Germany to become the
leading PV consumer, while the top 10 PV
territories will still account for 83 percent
of global PV demand.
“2013 will represent another transition
year, as the PV industry adjusts to softness
across legacy European markets,” according
to Michael Barker, senior analyst at NPD
Solarbuzz. “The Chinese end-market will
largely compensate for the downturn in
demand from Germany, which previously
led PV demand.”
Global Shift in PV Demand
Due to further reductions in European
premium incentives, demand in this region
will fall to approximately 12 GW, which is
a 26 percent Y/Y decline. In contrast, new
policies across leading PV countries in the
Asia-Pacific (APAC) region, led by China,
Japan, and India, will stimulate regional
growth of over 50 percent and account for
more than 11 GW of PV demand in 2013.
“In 2013, we expect to see improvement
in the market fundamentals that
enable PV demand to return to doubledigit
growth,” Barker said. “Installedsystem
prices will continue to fall, and PV
will become increasingly cost competitive
across regions with high electricity rates,
shortages in domestic supply, and growing
renewable obligations to fulfill.”
According to the NPD Solarbuzz report,
new PV opportunities from the Middle
East, Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia,
the Caribbean, and other emerging regions
will have a stronger impact on global
demand from 2014 onwards. Emerging
regions are forecast to account for less
than 8% of global demand during 2013;
however, this market share is expected to
double by 2017, driven primarily by South
Africa, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Israel, and
Mexico.
Fragmentation of the Supply Chain
Further fragmentation of the supply
chain for PV modules and balance-ofsystems
components is expected across a
range of addressable markets due to shifts
in geographic access, new and ongoing
import trade barriers, and changes in PV
application segments.
“Global trade wars and excessive local
manufacturing capacity levels will create
micro-environments for PV supply and
demand, with each PV supplier serving
only a subset of the 31 GW demand total,”
Barker said.
Ground-Mount Installations Dominate
Ground-mount installations will dominate
the market in 2013 with 45% of PV
demand. These installations are being
driven by policies that favor utility-based
deployment. Strongly influenced by Japan,
Germany, Australia, Italy, and the UK,
overall market share for residential PV in
2013 will remain above 20%. These five
countries will account for three-quarters
of all residential PV installations this year,
which highlights a broad geographic pull
and emphasizes the continued importance
of distributed generation.
Geographic Breakdown of Global PV Demand in 2013
Source: NPD Solarbuzz Marketbuzz 2013
Solar energy causes
revolution in Dutch electricity
market
The growth of solar energy has had a much
greater impact on the Dutch energy infrastructure
than was previously expected and
taken into account. As solar panels look set
to supply a much greater share of domestic
electricity needs in the future, gas and coal
plants are growing increasingly unprofitable,
and energy utilities are having to
find new solutions for energy storage and
smart-grid development.
According to experts, the growth in
market share of solar energy could amount
to much more than the 4000 MW that
the companies and organizations united
under the Dutch National Solar Energy
Action Committee predicted for 2020.
This projection was based on an annual
growth of 25 per cent. Last year alone, the
growth of the number of solar installations
in the Netherlands amounted to more
than 200 per cent. If annual growth turns
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 31

Analyst Buzz
out to be more like 50 percent than 25,
the Netherlands will have reached a milestone
of 1.5 million installed solar energy
systems within five years, compared to the
100,000 that are already operational.
“This is nothing short of a revolution.
Since we’re right in the middle of it, the
speed of it all isn’t that noticeable. In ten
years, we will look back at this point in time
and fully realize the change that has taken
place,” said Edwin Koot, CEO of Solarplaza.
At the end of 2012, solar panels in the
Netherlands already offered a combined
capacity of 280 megawatts. Last year,
around 240 million kWh of solar energy
was generated, corresponding to 0.22
per cent of overall national electricity
consumption. And this is in addition to the
growing amount of solar systems already
constructed without subsidies, for which
there is no detailed data.
With solar photovoltaic (PV) panels
becoming increasingly cheaper and
energy prices continuing to rise, solar
energy generated on private roofs is now
cheaper than energy tapped from the grid.
Furthermore, investing in a solar system
can generate interest rates three times as
high as those of a regular savings account.
This will only contribute to the apparent
growth. It’s likely that in three years’ time
there will already be more than 440,000 PV
systems in the country, covering 1 per cent
of the national electricity consumption.
In 2020, an annual production of 4,000
megawatts of solar energy could cover 3
percent of the national consumption. But if
the growth of solar energy turns out to be
closer to 40 percent – which is very likely –
this contribution will be close to 6 percent.
On sunny days, this could mean that coal
and gas plants will have to be shut down.
In Germany last year, a sunny month of
May resulted in 50 percent the electricity
demand being provided by solar panels,
while the annual share amounted to 5
percent.
According to Solarplaza, the
Netherlands are underestimating the
consequences of this phenomenon. While
coal and gas plants will become less and less
profitable, they will continue to be needed
during periods without sun. In the summer,
this could lead to these plants having to
dump their electricity on the international
market, as their German counterparts
have already experienced. Energy utilities
will also lose out on a considerable part of
their revenue, when their clients generate
their own electricity through solar panels.
“That’s why energy utilities need to find
new business models and really face the
challenges head-on. They will need to focus
their attention on energy storage systems,
advanced energy management and smartgrid
solutions,” according to Koot.
The fifth consecutive edition of The
Solar Future: NL ’13, which is to be held
on 23rd May in the Evoluon in Eindhoven,
will welcome experts such as Professor
Wim Sinke, Professor Han Slootweg and
the successful Australian/American entrepreneur
Danny Kennedy, who will share
their visions on the trends and developments
in the field of solar energy.
New Federal Report shows
solar achieved history in
March
For the first time, solar energy accounted
for all new utility electricity generation
capacity added to the U.S. grid last
month, according to the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission’s (FERC’s) March
2013 “Energy Infrastructure Update.” More
than 44 megawatts (MW) of solar electric
capacity was brought online from seven
projects in California, Nevada, New Jersey,
Hawaii, Arizona, and North Carolina. All
other energy sources combined added no
new generation.
Solar also had a strong showing in
FERC’s quarterly generation numbers,
accounting for about 30 percent of all utility-scale
new capacity. The report focuses
exclusively on larger facilities and does not
include energy generated by net-metered
installations. Net-metered systems account
for more than half of all U.S. solar electric
capacity.
“This speaks to the extraordinary
strides we have made in the past several
years to bring down costs and ramp up
deployment,” said Rhone Resch, president
and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries
Association. “Since 2008, the amount of
solar powering U.S. homes, businesses and
military bases has grown by more than 600
percent—from 1,100 megawatts to more
than 7,700 megawatts today. As FERC’s
report suggests, and many analysts predict,
solar will grow to be our nation’s largest
new source of energy over the next four
years.”
FERC’s report supports other findings
which show solar power to be one of the
fastest growing energy sources in the U.S.,
powering homes, businesses and utility
grids across the nation. The Solar Market
Insight annual edition shows the U.S.
installed 3,313 megawatts (MW) of solar
photovoltaics (PV) in 2012, a record for the
industry.
Some of this growth is attributed to
the fact that the cost of a solar system has
dropped by nearly 40 percent over the past
two years, making solar more affordable
than ever for utilities and consumers.
“In 2012, the U.S. brought more new
solar capacity online than in the three prior
years combined,” Resch added. “These new
numbers from FERC support our forecast
that solar will continue a pattern of growth
in 2013, adding 5.2 GW of solar electric
capacity. This sustained growth is enabling
the solar industry to create thousands of
good jobs and to provide clean, affordable
energy for more families, businesses, utilities,
and the military than ever before.”
Today, America’s solar industry
employs 119,000 workers throughout the
country. That’s a 13.2 percent growth over
2011’s jobs numbers, making solar one
of the fastest-growing job sectors in the
nation.
Solar Fuels: The USD3.5
trillion opportunity
To maintain current standards of living in
developed economies and raise them in
developing ones, the world is going to need
a lot more power than it is now producing.
The impact of growth in world population
occurring in a period of decreasing fractional
use of fossil fuels for energy production,
accompanied by a significant increase
in affluence resulting from globalization of
the world economy, will be a huge growth
in the demand for energy over the 21st
century.
The increase of growth in world electrification
over the period from 1980 through
2000 and forecast though 2030 show an
estimated 2-fold increase in electric energy
intensity resulting from an estimated 4-fold
increase in electric energy consumption by
a world population that will increase 2-fold
over the 50-year period.
Given a worldwide intensive effort
for energy conservation, the addition of
3 billion people on Earth, coupled with
additional large future applications of
electric energy intensive technologies, and
further coupled with the reduction of fossil
fuel combustion for generation of electricity
and automotive transportation raise
serious concern about the sustainability of
worldwide energy supply.
This is according to a recent report
from Amadee+Company, Solar Fuels,
Artificial Photosynthesis, Hydrogen, Fuel
Cells and the Future of Clean Energy:
2013-2023 Analysis and Forecasts.
The scale of the energy problem is
huge. In 2001, the world used 13.2 TW (1
terrawatt=10*12 watts) of energy. By 2050,
it will need 28 TW. This increase need of
15 TW is not feasible using existing energy
sources like oil, gas coal and nuclear.
32 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Analyst Buzz
However, the potential of solar energy
is enormous and, on a practical basis
is >600 TW. Photosynthesis alone can
provide 90 TW of energy resources.
The sun delivers more energy to the
earth in one hour than civilization currently
uses from fossil fuels, nuclear power and
all renewable energy sources combined in
a year. This solar energy can be captured
and stored directly in the chemical bonds
of a material, or fuel, and then used when
needed. These chemical fuels, in which
energy from the sun has deliberately been
stored, are called solar fuels.
For more than 50 years, scientists have
pursued the possibility of producing solar
fuels in the laboratory. There are three
approaches:
• Artificial photosynthesis in which
systems made by human beings
mimic the natural process;
• Natural photosynthesis; and
• Thermochemical approaches.
Significant progress has been made
in producing two very important types of
fuels:
• Hydrogen, which can be used as a
transport fuel, and is an important
feedstock for industry. Hydrogen
can be produced by splitting water
using sunlight.
• Carbon-based fuels such as
methane or carbon monoxide
(used with hydrogen as synthesis
gas). These are key feedstocks for
making a wide range of industrial
products including fertilizers.
The goal is to a transition to a hydrogenbased
economy based on renewable energy
sources, mainly solar. The main barriers
to a transition to hydrogen are the lack of
development of technologies for hydrogen
production, storage, transport, and distribution,
and high costs compared with the
current system.
Rather than seeing hydrogen as the
exclusive fuel for the future, the specific
roles to which it is uniquely suited in each
major sector within an overall sustainable
energy strategy need to be identified.
With this approach, it is expected that
hydrogen would still play a substantive and
crucial role, but a role in concert rather
than competition with that of electricity
and technologies such as battery electric
vehicles and a variety of shorter-term
energy storage options for grid power.
The potential resource constraints in
a hydrogen economy based on renewable
energy sources have been investigated. It is
estimated that the primary energy requirements
of a global economy in 2050 that
were 2.5 times those in 2005 could be met
entirely from potentially collectable solar
radiation (80% of the total supply), wind
power (15%) and other renewables (5%).
The result would be no need for nuclear
power or coal-fired power.
Hundreds of organizations are
currently doing scientific research on
solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis.
A dozen European research partners,
for example, form the Solar-H network,
supported by the European Union. The
US Dept. of Energy (DOE) Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), led
by the California Institute of Technology
(Caltech) and Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, has $122 million over 5 years
to build a solar fuel system. Caltech and
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
have a large National Science Foundation
(NSF) grant to improve photon capture
and catalyst efficiency, while several
Energy Frontier Research Centers funded
by the US DOE are focused on Global
Artificial Photosynthesis (GAP)-related
endeavors. Japan has established an
Artificial Photosynthesis Group, based on
the Catalysis Research Centre, Hokkaido
University.
Hydrogen currently is produced via
steam methane reforming (SMR), which
is the commercial process of choice, since
it has the lowest production costs of
around $1.00/kg H2. The ultimate goal is to
produce hydrogen without SMR.
The hydrogen market today is estimated
at approximately USD35.9 billion.
By 2023, it will be worth over USD55.2
billion. Making cleaner petroleum fuels in
refineries is currently the biggest application
for hydrogen, followed by steel and
chemicals.
However, large-scale production of
hydrogen via solar fuels would increase the
available market into the trillions of dollars
and could result in a large-scale reduction
in the use of petroleum fuels. Global
petroleum production in 2012 is estimated
at approximately 4.5 billion tonnes, worth
USD3.5 trillion.
The world vehicle fleet in 2000 was
700 million and may possibly reach 1500
million by 2050. Replacement of fossil fuels
by hydrogen would require production of
about 260 billion kg/year.
Four companies now control the global,
outsourced hydrogen market. Air Liquide is
estimated to be the leading supplier in 2012
with a 37% market share. It was followed
by Air Products (23%), Linde (19%) and
Praxair (16%). Another 190 companies
have been identified as participants in the
hydrogen industry.
220 GW of new distributed
solar generation will be
added by 2018, forecasts
Navigant Research
The global electric power industry is
evolving from a financial and engineering
model that relies on large centralized
power plants owned by utilities to one
that is more diverse, in terms of both the
sources of generation and the ownership
of the generation assets. Distributed solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems offer the benefit
of producing electricity onsite, thereby
reducing the need to build new transmission
capacity and avoiding line losses.
According to a new report from Navigant
Research, 220 gigawatts of distributed solar
PV capacity will be installed between 2013
and 2018, representing $540 billion in
revenue during this time.
“Used in applications ranging from
residential to small commercial to industrial
settings, distributed solar generation
offers significant benefits to consumers
while adding resiliency to an electric grid
evolving beyond the traditional centralized
model,” said Dexter Gauntlett, research
analyst with Navigant Research. “Though
this market is still primarily driven by
government incentives, distributed solar
PV will continue its steady march toward
grid parity in major markets over the next
few years.”
Even as distributed solar technologies
have become more cost-effective, many
governments are reining in popular feed-in
tariffs in leading markets. The industry is
fully aware that lucrative financial incentives
will not be around forever. As a result,
many companies are looking at 2017 (the
year after solar PV investment tax credits
expire in the United States) as the year that
solar PV will be able to stand on its own,
without government support.
The report, “Distributed Solar Energy
Generation”, analyzes the global market
for distributed solar PV systems less than
1 megawatt in capacity and provides an
assessment of the most important market
drivers, technology trends, and challenges
faced by the growing distributed solar PV
industry. Forecasts for average installed
prices and annual installations, segmented
by region, extend through 2018. An
Executive Summary of the report is available
for free download on the Navigant
Research website: navigantresearch.com.
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 33

Industry news
Industry news
Continued from page 5
Gehrlicher Solar America
Corporation expands US
footprint
Gehrlicher Solar America Corp. has
opened its newest office in Boston,
Massachusetts. With over 40 megawatts
(MWp) of projects completed or in process
in the Massachusetts and Connecticut
markets, GSAC is broadening its regional
footprint both in office presence and
staffing to meet growing demand. The new
facility is located at 15 Broad Street, in the
heart of Boston’s financial district in close
proximity to its dedicated customer base.
www.gehrlicher.us
Tokyo Electron completes
acquisition of Oerlikon Solar
Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL) has
completed all procedures relating to
the acquisition of Oerlikon Solar first
announced on March 3, 2012. As a result,
Oerlikon Solar is now a wholly-owned
subsidiary of TEL and its name has been
changed to TEL Solar AG (Headquarters:
Switzerland; President: Kiyoshi Sato
(Concurrent Post: Corporate Director
of TEL)). TEL is also currently studying
the acquisition’s impact on the company’s
consolidated performance, and will make a
timely disclosure if any effects on business
forecasts are likely.
BioSolar receives first
commercial order
BioSolar, Inc. today announced that it has
received its first commercial BioBacksheet
order. The first shipment of BioBacksheet
will be used for the manufacture of
specialty PV panels for electric utility
vehicles with anticipated further shipments
to be used by military and other mobile
applications. The customer’s PV panels
feature lightweight, high-power-to-weight
ratio, highly durable, customizable shapes,
sizes and colors. www.biosolar.com
Solar Frontier to restart
Miyazaki No.2 Plant,
considering new products
Solar Frontier will restart the manufacturing
of solar modules at its Miyazaki
No.2 Plant in Kiyotakecho, Miyazaki, Japan
on July 1, 2013. Production at the 60 MW
nameplate capacity plant had been temporarily
suspended since the end of 2012.
Pending the final decision of product
models to be manufactured, Solar Frontier
is planning to make minor equipment
modifications to enable the manufacture
of new products that will be sold in Japan.
www.solar-frontier.com
Masdar, Total and Abengoa
launch Shams 1, the
world’s largest CSP plant in
operation
Masdar today launched Shams 1, the
largest concentrated solar power plant
(CSP) in operation in the world. Masdar,
Abu Dhabi’s renewable energy company,
partnered with French energy company
Total and Spain’s energy infrastructure
company Abengoa. The 100-megawatt
solar-thermal project will power thousands
of homes in the United Arab Emirates and
displace approximately 175,000 tons of
CO2 per year. The US $600 million project
took three years to build. www.masdar.ae
Solar Press and KROENERT
announce partnership for low
cost, flexible organic solar
cell manufacture
Solar cell technology developer Solar
Press and coating and printing experts
KROENERT have announced the signing
of a long term partnership agreement to
develop and sell turn-key manufacturing
solutions for Organic Photovoltaic (OPV)
modules. This move will enable low cost
production of light weight, flexible solar
cells. Under the partnership agreement,
Solar Press, a world leader in the development
of OPV process technology, will
develop and optimise its production
process and ink formulations to enable the
manufacture of commercial OPV modules
using KROENERT’s production coating
and printing equipment. www.solar-press.
com, www.kroenertgroup.com
TÜV Rheinland develops solar
simulator for concentrator
photovoltaic modules
TÜV Rheinland has started up a solar
simulator for characterizing concentrator
photovoltaic modules at its Solar Testing
Center in Cologne. The test stand was
developed together with experts at TÜV
Rheinland PTL in the course of nearly
two years of research work. Thanks to
the new simulator, it is now possible to
perform comparison measurements much
more accurately on CPV modules. This
is because it is possible to generate and
maintain the standard temperature conditions
of 25 degrees Celsius much more
accurately under laboratory conditions
than in natural sunlight. www.tuv.com
First Solar to acquire
TetraSun to expand
addressable market
opportunity
First Solar, Inc. is acquiring TetraSun. First
Solar signed a definitive agreement to
acquire TetraSun from JX Nippon Oil &
Energy Corporation and other investors,
including TetraSun management. Terms of
the transaction, which is expected to close
in the second quarter of 2013, were not
disclosed. First Solar and JX Nippon Oil &
Energy also have entered into discussions
on an agreement to distribute the technology
in Japan. www.firstsolar.com
Martifer Solar completes two
PV projects in Spain in a total
of 4.26 MWp
Martifer Solar has just concluded two
photovoltaic projects in Spain, in a total
of 4.26 MWp. The company was responsible
for the engineering, procurement and
construction of the projects, a photovoltaic
park of 3.8 MWp in Lorca, Murcia, and a
rooftop installation of 460 kWp in Toledo.
The Lorca plant occupies an area of 4.5
hectares and it consists of about 15,800
modules. The 460-kWp installation was
built in the rooftop of the Prilux Group
facilities, in an area of 7,500 m 2 . www.
martifersolar.com
Grupo Clavijo supplies
trackers for a 25MW solar PV
installation in California
The Spanish company Grupo Clavijo has
completed the delivery of horizontal axis
trackers for a 25 MW solar photovoltaic
installation in California. These trackers
have been selected by the park’s promoters
for their easy adaptation to the land, durability
and versatility to suit the specific
needs of the project. Once connected, the
energy produced is equivalent to the electricity
consumed by more than 22,000
inhabitants, avoiding the release of over
87,000 tons of CO2 emissions into the
atmosphere. www.grupoclavijo.net
Renewable Energy sector
begins action alliance
On March 8, around 100 representatives of
the renewable energy sector, from Germany,
Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands,
joined forces to form an action alliance.
34 – Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Made up of operators, research
institutes, universities, journalists,
communication agencies,
companies and associations,
this group aims to develop a
joint communication strategy.
The first workshop took place
during the photovoltaic symposium
in Bad Staffelstein. Further
meetings and political round
table discussions are planned.
Dublin school breaks
ground on landmark
1.1 MW MAGE SOLAR
PV-System
MAGE SOLAR will provide
a 1.1 MW solar PV system to
Dublin City High School. The
4898 module system will be
spread out over several locations
on campus and include roof top
arrays, ground mounts, as well
as several dual axis trackers. It
will be the largest system in the
Middle Georgia area and the
very first one in the state that
utilizes a third party lease model
for schools. www.magesolar.com
Trina Solar named as
one of the World’s Top
10 Most Innovative
Companies
Trina Solar Limited has been
recognized by Fast Company
magazine in their 2013 list
of The World’s Top 10 Most
Innovative Companies in China.
Published as an annual guide to
the state of innovation, the list
features businesses whose innovations
are having the greatest
impacts across their industries
and society as a whole.
www.trinasolar.com, fastcompany.com
Solar America looks
toward Mexico and
Central America as
next hot spot
Solar America Corp. has identified
Mexico and Central
America as regions capable
for tremendous growth in the
solar market. Solar America is
positioned to participate in this
growth through the use of their
comprehensive solutions. Less
than one percent of Mexico’s
land area would need to be
developed to power the nation,
according to the Secretaria
de Energia de Mexico,
Mexico’s energy ministry.
Solar America recently
signed a Memorandum
of Understanding with
Valdez Cueva Constructores
Asosiados to provide solar
energy solutions for the Los
Conejos housing project in
Tonlola, Guadalajara.
www.solaramericacorp.com
RenuEn Corp
acquires Alquimi
Solar
RenuEn Corporatio has
acquired Alquimi Solar, a
Saddle Brook, New Jerseybased
solar and renewable
energy development company.
Alquimi brings a knowledgeable
business, legal and
financial team with extensive
experience in developing and
financing renewable energy
projects. The financial terms
of the acquisition of Alquimi
Solar will be disclosed in the
2013 First Quarter Financials.
As part of the acquisition,
John Martin will be appointed
to the Board of Directors and
actively involved with the
RenuEn executive team.
www.alquimisolar.com
PHOTON Test:
SunPower modules
top the list
The top three spots in the
latest solar module yield test
by PHOTON International—
The Solar Power Magazine
have been claimed by products
from US company SunPower
Corp. The frontrunner in
the test is the SunPower
SPR-327NE-WHT-D. This
model produced 1,144.1
kilowatt-hours of electricity
for every kilowatt of power
(kWh/kW). The two other
SunPower modules tested –
the SPR-320NE-WHT-D and
SPR-245NE-WHT-D) -scored
94.9 and 94.8 percent, respectively.
www.photon.info
Industry news
AZISE2013_Global Solar Technology_87x248_Layout 1 23.04.13 15:14 Seite
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Exhibition for the Solar Industry
Messe München, Germany
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on cutting-edge information about the dynamic
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Connect with 1,500 international exhibitors
Learn everything about the latest innovations
Keep up with future trends for continued
business success
Get inspired!
Top information for your
visit in Munich, Germany
www.globalsolartechnology.com
Global Solar & Alternative Energies – May/June 2013 – 35

International diary
International
diary
29-31 May 2013
South-East European Solar PV &
Thermal Exhibition
Sophia, Bulgaria
www.eeandres.viaexpo.com
19-21 June 2013
Intersolar Europe
Munich, Germany
www.intersolar.de
1-3 July 2013
Materials and Renewable Energy
Athens, Greece
www.energy-conference.co.uk
8-11 July 2013
Intersolar North America
San Francisco, California, USA
www.intersolar.us
4-6 September 2013
Expo Solar/PV Korea
Goyang, Korea
www.exposolar.org
9-11 September 2013
RETECH
Washington D.C., USA
www.retech2013.com
9-11 September 2013
International Conference (and exhibition)
on Clean Energy
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
www.iaemm.com/ICCE2013/
18-20 September 2013
Intersolar South America
Sao Paulo, Brazil
www.intersolar.net.br
30 September - 4 October 2013
28th EU PVSEC
Paris, France
www.photovoltaic-conference.com
8-10 October 2013
Solar Power UK
Birmingham, United Kingdom
www.solarpowerukevents.org
28-30 October 2013
PVAP Expo
Singapore
www.pvap.sg
11-14 November 2013
Intersolar India
Mumbai, India
www.intersolar.in
12-14 November 2013
Renewable Energy World North America
Orlando, Florida, USA
www.renewableenergyworld-events.com
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