download the PDF - Global Solar Technology

The Global Journal for Solar and PV Manufacturing ProfessionalsVolume 4 Number 6 June 2011Solar thermalparabolic trougheconomicsThe key to ‘printing’ CIGS • Structuraladhesives and the solar industry •Directing solar energy to storage • Thinfilm silicon technology • Streamliningthe legal aspects of solar PV installation

ContentsGlobal Solar Technologyis distributed by controlledcirculation to qualifiedpersonnel. For all others,subscriptions are available ata cost of £110/US $220/€165for the current volume (6issues).No part of this publicationmay be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system,transmitted in any form orby any means —electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise—without the prior writtenconsent of the publisher.No responsibility isaccepted for the accuracyof information containedin the text, illustrations oradvertisements. The opinionsexpressed in the articles arenot necessarily those of theeditors or publisher.ContentsEDITORIAL2 Managing the growth of solar powerAlan RaeFEATURES4 Thin film silicon technologyChris O’Brien8 Case Study: The key to ‘printing’ CIGS: tighttolerance control10 Special Report: Solar thermal parabolic trougheconomics12 Interview: Structural adhesives and the solarindustry: standing the test of time16 Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disastersand renewed economic uncertaintyJon Custer-Topai25 Interivew—Streamlining the legal aspectsof solar PV installation811Volume 4, No. 6June 2011© Trafalgar Publications Ltd.26 Show preview: Intersolar EuropeDesigned and Publishedby Trafalgar Publications,Bournemouth, UnitedKingdom32 Directing solar energy to storagePLUS6 Industry news28 Technological developments29 Analyst buzz33 New products38 International diary14Flexible organic solar cellsdeveloped at imec. (p 11)Visit www.globalsolartechnology.com for the latest news and more, every day.www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 1

THINFABEconomically ViableSolar Power withThin Film Silicon – NOW!Lowest Module Production Costs of 0.50/Wp withModule Efficiency of 10% Stabilized at 143 Wp…and a New Champion Cell with11,9% Stabilized EfficiencyOerlikon Solar proudly announces the new THINFAB which reduces the manufacturing cost of thin film silicon modulesto a record breaking 0.50/Wp, with 10 percent stabilized efficiency and 143 Wp module performance. Beyond that weintroduce our new world record breaking cell efficiency of stabilized 11,9 percent on Micromorph ® technology. Find outmore about our non-toxic, environmentally friendly solar technology at www.oerlikon.com/solar/thinfab.

Thin film silicon technologyThin film silicontechnologyLow cost thin film is wellpositioned for new policiesChris O’BrienThe past two months have seendramatic changes in solar incentivepolicies around the world, changesthat are certain to change the landscapefor end PV markets in coming years. Forthis article, we will focus on three specificpolicy changes that have occurred withinthe past couple of months:1. Italy. On May 4, 2011, the 4thConto was approved, and with it asweeping set of changes to the feedin-tariffschedule in the world’ssecond-largest PV market. Underthe revised schedule, feed-in tariffrates are reduced each month in2011, and again on a bi-annualschedule in 2012. For residentialrooftop systems, feed-in-tariff rateswill be reduced by a total of 23%in 2011, and another 15% in 2012.For large ground-mounted systems(over 1 MW), feed-in-tariff ratesare reduced 35% in 2011 and anadditional 23% in 2012.2. California. On April 12, 2011,Governor Jerry Brown signedinto law an ambitious newrenewable energy requirementfor California, requiring that 33%of electricity consumed in thestate be sourced from renewableresources including solar by 2020.Note that California is the secondlargestenergy market in the U.S,comprising approximately 7% oftotal U.S. electricity consumption(259 TWh). While there is lessprice certainty in the competitivePPA market in the U.S., Federaltax incentives for solar (30%investment tax credit, acceleratedtax depreciation) are in place for atleast the next five years.In the short term, it’s going to be a wild ridefor the industry.3. China. Another major change inthe solar policy landscape occurredlast month with the news thatChina has revised its long termnational strategic goals for solar,now targeting a cumulative 50 GWof solar to be installed in China by2020, significantly higher than theprevious 2020 target of 20 GW. Likethe U.S. there is at this point in timeno national feed in tariff programto provide investor certainty onFigure 1. Micromorph® cost reduction.solar PV energy prices; however itis reasonable that for large projects,a competitive LCOE will be in acomparable range to the U.S.What do these positive and negativechanges in solar incentive and mandatepolicies mean for PV demand? In theshort term, it’s going to be a wild ridefor the industry, as reduced FIT projectdevelopment and increased productioncapacity create significant excess inventory4 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Thin film silicon technologyInstalled System LCoE (€/kWh) IRR (100% Equity)Price (€/W)Italy 500 kW rooftop €2.16/W €0.11/kWh 16.6%California 10 MW €1.71/W €0.08/kWh 8.5%China 10 MW €1.48/W €0.10/kWh 8.5%Table 1. Results of the analysis.that is sold at prices that approach themarginal cash cost of production. Atthe same time, these reduced prices willcreate an elastic demand increase in largemarkets outside of Europe, demand thatis reinforced by new renewable mandatepolicies in US and China.There will also be winners and losersamong the different PV technologiesin these volatile market shifts. In shortthe winners in this scenario will bethose technologies that have the lowestsustainable cost of production, and at thesame time have sufficient track record inthe market to qualify for low cost projectfinancing. The losers in the months andyears ahead will be those producers whohave a less efficient cost structure—due tohigh production costs, inefficient marketchannels or high cost of financing due tobeing less bankable.Thin film silicon is well positioned forthese new market conditions. Driven bysemiconductor equipment industry leadersthat are experienced in delivering continualand rapid technology evolution and costdeclines, the cost of ownership has beenreduced by over 50% in just the past threeyears. Oerlikon Solar and other thin filmsilicon leaders continue to invest heavilyinto product and equipment R&D, andhave identified significant opportunitiesfor further future cost reductions andmodule performance improvements.As an illustration of the competitivepositioning for thin film silicon in the wakeof the above-described policy changes,we have presented below three differentscenarios, in three different regions:1. 500 kW rooftop application in Italy,operational in H2 20122. 10 MW ground mountedapplication in California, installedin H2 2012, competing for RPS3. 10 MW ground mountedapplication in China, installed inH2 2012Key assumptions for this analysis• Module price. Based on 2011cost of ownership for OerlikonSolar ThinFab (120 MW capacity,10% average module efficiency),assuming production at a plant inthe region. Assumes gross marginpercentage of 35%• BOS costs. For 10 MW installations,based on bottoms-up benchmarkcosts from leading EPC’s adjustedfor efficiency differences comparedwith CdTe or c-Si. Assume BOS50% higher for 500 kW rooftop.Estimated 2012 BOS costs asfollows:i. Italy 500 kW rooftop:€1.36/Wii. US 10 MW ground mount:€0.91/Wiii. China 10 MW groundmount: €0.68/W• Energy production. Assume 1690kWh/kW for Italy (Bari), 1639 forCalifornia (San Diego) and 1638for China (Yingchuan). Note thatthese values are based on the use ofMicromorph®, with an energy yieldthat is approximately 5% higherthan typical yield of crystalline PV.• Available incentives. For Italyscenario, assume H2 2012 FITlevel, including 10% premium forin-country production (€0.22/kWh). For US assume 30% ITC and5-year MACRS. For China, assumeno incentives.• LCoE escalator—2.5% p.a. for Italyand US, 4.0% for China.• Financing. Results are based on100% equity.ResultsThe results of the analysis, Table 1,demonstrate that TF Si technologywill continue to be among those PVtechnologies that are competitive even aspolicies shift and margins are compressed.The project in Italy shows an excellentoverall rate of return for project investors,even with the reduced FIT levels. Theresults for the 10 MW projects in US andChina demonstrate that continuing costreductions made possible by technology/equipment suppliers position thin filmsilicon to deliver low-cost power thatis competitive with other leading PVtechnologies in renewable mandatemarkets.Chris O’Brien is head of marketdevelopment for Oerlikon Solar, and is basedin Washington, DC. He has held seniormanagement positions with leading solarPV companies including Sharp Solar and BPSolar since 1995. Chris has previous careerexperience in the energy efficiency andindependent power industries. He holds anengineering degree from Dartmouth Collegeand an MBA from Stanford University.www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 5

Industry The electronic news interconnection hierarchyIndustry newsSanterno chooses Sanmina-SCI aspartner to build solar inverters inOttawa, CanadaSanmina-SCI will manufacture Santerno’ssolar inverters for commercial applicationsat its Ottawa, Ontario, Canada facility.Production of the solar inverters atSanmina-SCI’s Ontario facility expandsSanterno’s manufacturing base into NorthAmerica, enabling local logistics servicesto its customers while meeting Ontario’sFeed-In Tariff domestic content requirements.www.sanmina-sci.com, www.santerno.com3S Modultec client KISCO startsmodule production in record timeWith the help of 3S Swiss Solar Systems,KISCO has completed the certificationof its module production in Korea withina period of just a few weeks. Since mid-March, KISCO has been producing highlyefficient, crystalline solar modules on anewly installed 65 MW production linefrom 3S Modultec. Once it was up and running,the production process was successfullyinspected by TÜV Rheinland barelysix months after signing the contract.KISCO has benefitted from, among otherthings, the certification service offered by3S, which has already been successfullyimplemented in a number of projects by3S Modultec in conjunction with TÜVRheinland. www.3s-pv.ch, www.meyerburger.com,www.getwatt.co.krBürkle supplies seven-openingYpsator Lamination Line to Willard& Kelsey Solar GroupBürkle North America Inc., and Willard &Kelsey Solar Group announced today thatW&K has begun high-volume productionof Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) solar panelsat their plant in Perrysburg, Ohio usingBürkle’s proven Multi Daylight Laminator,the Ypsator. The lamination system is thefirst of its type in the North Americanmarket having a host of significant featuresincluding thermal fluid platen heatingassuring uniform heating of the modulesacross the platen, minimized edge pinchdue to the hydraulic hot pressing step,reduced cycle time due to the split laminationprocess and uniform cooling resultingin flat modules having reduced internalstress. www.ypsator.comSolar3D completes design of lightcollector for solar cellSolar3D, Inc. has completed the design ofthe Light Collector section, a critical partof its novel solar cell. Inspired by lightmanagement techniques used in fiber opticdevices, the company’s innovative solar celltechnology utilizes a 3-dimensional designto trap sunlight inside micro-photovoltaicstructures where photons bounce arounduntil they are converted into electrons.Solar3D’s management believes that thisbreakthrough solar cell design will dramaticallychange the economics of solarenergy. www.solar3d.comCarl Zeiss Optronics presents solarmirror to research instituteAt the end of April, Carl Zeiss Optronicspresented the GREGOR M1 solar mirrorto a research consortium. The mirror wasbuilt under the full responsibility of theGerman optics company. Following internallapping and polishing, it features deviationfrom the nominal surface of only 20nanometers. The 1.5 meter solar mirrorwill be installed at the Teide Observatoryin the Canary Islands. Carl Zeiss Optronicswas responsible for the performance ofall three solar mirrors. With the deliveryof the M1, the Gregor Telescope can nowenter service. It replaces the 45 cm GregorCoudé Telescope that has been used for atotal of 40 years for research. www.zeiss.de/optronicsBTU International receives order formultiple solar cell rework furnacesBTU International has received an orderfor multiple hydrogen annealing furnacesfrom a major Asian solar cell manufacturer.BTU has extensive experience with hydrogenannealing processes and equipment.Today, with more than 125 hydrogen furnacesin operation in the semiconductor,nuclear and other industries, the safety andreliability of BTU’s hydrogen tools is wellestablished. www.btu.comCentrosolar introduces S-Seriespanels made in OntarioCentrosolar Canada has released theS-Series photovoltaic modules, now availableto local solar dealers and installers.Engineered in Germany and manufacturedin Ontario, Centrosolar Canada’s S-Seriesis designed for both residential and commercialapplications. The S-Series moduleis designed to deliver reliable and peakperformance power levels in cloudy and6 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

The key to ‘printing’ CIGS: tight tolerance controlCase studyThe key to ‘printing’ CIGS:tight tolerance controlChallengeIncrease precision and speed whilereducing development time fordemanding solar-cell production process.Solution• Bosch Rexroth SYNAX 200 shaftlessmotion control system• IndraDrive C Converters• MSK Synchronous Servo MotorsWith the Rexroth SYNAX 200 system, all the machines’ axes are electronically synchronized sowhen the line speed increases or decreases, the axes ramp up or down together to maintainprecise web position.One of the brightest ideas in renewableenergy is using solar-cellpanels to generate electricity withoutburning hydrocarbon fuels. But comparedto generating electricity from coal,the cost of producing electricity with solarcells is high. In recent years, one solar cellpanel manufacturer has been able to reducethe cost of solar cell panels dramatically,thanks to innovative machinery developedby Northfield Automation Systems, usinga Bosch Rexroth shaftless motion controlsystem.“Manufacturing typical siliconwafersolar cells is expensive,” explainsDarin Stotz, sales manager for NorthfieldAutomation Systems. “That’s because aphotovoltaic solar cell is built in layers, andthe silicon semiconductor layer that turnslight into electric current must be appliedin a complex process known as vacuumdeposition,”The solar cell panel manufacturerdeveloped a new deposition method usingtechnology from Northfield AutomationSystems, which specializes in roll-to-rollthin material handling in the flexible circuitindustry. They brought the expertisethe solar-cell manufacturer criticallyneeded to optimize their processes.“We implemented a Rexroth motioncontrol solution on machinery that appliessemiconductor material in an open-airenvironment, instead of inside vacuumchambers,” says Stotz.“Basically, this manufacturer appliescopper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS)onto a web of thin foil in a process thatresembles offset printing. Consequently,they can produce CIGS solar cells that aremuch less expensive than silicon wafercells, because it eliminates the complexityBenefits• Precise web control for tightregistration in thousandths ofmillimeters• Provides over one million countsper revolution for precise positionmonitoring• Eliminates mechanical-componentlimitations by using servodrives and electronic cams• Digital control platform enablesElectronic Line Shafting as avirtual drive• Simple programming environmentuses parameter library toeliminate coding and dramaticallyreduce development time• Modular system simplifies shippingand allows for flexibility inline configurationof vacuum deposition.”The process is similar to printing theSunday newspaper’s comics, in whichlayers of ink are aligned on a web of paperso the colors do not blur. But this processrequires far tighter registration, as tight asone-thousandths of a millimeter. This levelof precision in web handling presentedNorthfield with several challenges.“This customer feeds rolls of foilthrough rolls in large presses similar tothose used in rotogravure printing,” saysStotz. “Their challenge was to find a driveand motion control system that could syn-8 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

The key to ‘printing’ CIGS: tight tolerance controlBy applying copper indium gallium (di)selenide onto a web of thin foil in aprocess that resembles offset printing, themanufacturer can produce CIGS solar cellsthat are much less expensive than siliconwafer cells.chronize multiple axes of the rolls in onelong production line. As the web moves>100 feet down the line through differentprocesses, the axes have to align the foilmaterial in proper position for the nextstep. From step to step, we need tight tolerancecontrol so what happens in one operationlines up with the next. If the layersdo not match up, then the solar cell mustbe scrapped, resulting in wasted materials.Consequently, the machinery has to startwith tight tolerances, then maintain it atthe next step so we don’t have to make a lotof adjustments to the web’s tension, speedand position.”In conventional printing, rotary pressesoften use mechanical shafts and gears,but they do not come close to providingthe accuracy required in this application.Neither can stepper motors, a solution thatNorthfield Automation Systems has traditionallyemployed in their web-handlingmachinery.Motion Tech Automation, a local distributorof Bosch Rexroth motion controlproducts, assisted Northfield in finding asuperior alternative—the Rexroth SYNAX200 shaftless drive system. With theSYNAX 200 system, all the machines’ axesare electronically synchronized so whenthe line speed increases or decreases, theaxes ramp up or down together to maintainprecise web position.To maintain accuracy in thousandthsThe modularity inherent in the SYNAX 200 system made it possible to develop modular machinedesigns, which simplifies shipping and provides flexibility in configuring the line to meetvarious requirements of the solar-cell production process.of millimeters along a 100-foot line,Northfield specified Bosch Rexroth’sSYNAX 200 control platform along withIndraDrive intelligent servo drives usingSERCOS III industrial Ethernet communication.Designed for the web-handling industry,Rexroth’s SYNAX 200 is a control anddrive solution that provides tight control ofweb positions by making minute changesin speed to maintain registration of thelayers. Instead of mechanical cam shaftsand gears, tightly synchronized digitalservo drives and dynamic servo motorsrun off a standardized control platform tocreate virtual drives, an approach knownas Electronic Line Shafting. The primaryshaft is a virtual master axis. A programmableelectronic gearbox ratio simulatesthe mechanical gearbox between themaster axis and the drive. The master axismaintains a fixed relationship between itsposition and other virtual slave axes toachieve positioning accuracy that cannotbe obtained with mechanical gearboxes—or even stepper motors.Web handling can be done with steppermotors, however the positioning accuracyof stepper motors is between 500 and50,000 steps per revolution. That may seemhigh, but a servomotor using sine/cosineencoders for position monitoring providesover one million counts per revolution.That improves resolution and accuracy byseveral orders of magnitude.The customer was not previouslyfamiliar with Electronic Line Shafting.According to Stotz, “They knew what servomotorswere capable of, but we showedthem how one single controller could runall those axes and how the architecturecould achieve the precision they wanted.”For this application, the SYNAX platformincluded a machine vision camerathat focuses on registration marks onthe web. Position inputs are translated bya PLC that sends instructions to a rackmounted PPC multiaxis controller. Thecontroller communicates with the RexrothIndradrive C Converters powering RexrothMSK synchronous servo motors, whichmake the appropriate position and speedadjustments as required. Each drive functionsas a stand-alone device with its ownpower supply. Data is transmitted betweenthe motion controller and drives in realtime over SERCOS III industrial Ethernetthat provides noise immunity.The servomotors adjust speed to varyweb tension—and use speed to vary printlocation. Speed and tension can be adjustedby 1 percent increments as needed.With the SYNAX 200, achieving preContinued on page 11www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 9

Solar thermal parabolic trough economicsSpecial reportSolar thermal parabolictrough economicsAlthough Global SolarTechnology is usuallyfocused on solar PV, weare constantly looking forinformation that our readerswill find useful on related technologyand infrastructure issues. CSP Today hasjust published a comprehensive reportentitled “CSP Parabolic Trough Report—Costs and Performance” (www.csptoday.com/costs). Given the increasing interest inthis technology in the USA as well as theMiddle East and North Africa, we thoughtwe’d take a look at this fascinating and wellresearched report.The authors interviewed more than 45senior executives at companies involvedin CSP, including developers, componentmanufacturers, EPCs and research labs. Theteam also collected data on costs from theinterviewees and input information suchwater costs, insurance and labor necessaryto calculate costs of CSP. The collated datawas then run through a model called theSolar Advisory Model (SAM), developedby NREL, and the final results and reportanalysis were peer reviewed by leading scientistsat CIEMAT, developers (Abengoa)and industry associations (Protermosolar).Where are parabolic troughsbeing installed?There are 26 plants in total with 12 in theUSA and 11 in Spain. Spain leads in capacitywith 1200 MW plus 600 under construction,followed by the USA with 800MW and 1200 under construction—butthe planned future capacity in the USAstands at an impressive 10.9 GW, largerthan the next 10 nations combined.Why are they being installed?The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is significantlylower than that of conventionalsolar PV: 0.15-0.24 €/kWh vs. 0.25-0.325 €/kwh for solar PV. Also, thermal energy canbe conveniently stored to help to balancesupply and demand.12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Portugal 13 50 67 100 100 100 130 200 200 215 215.1 275 France Iran Egypt Jordan Planned CSP capacity per country (in MW).What is LCOE and how was itcalculated?The LCOE was calculated according to thesimplified IEA method (Ref. InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA), Guidelines for theeconomic analysis of renewable energytechnology applications, (1991)) using euroas the currency. Equation 1 shows how theLCOE was calculated.How do these costs workout relative to other energysources? And what is theoptimum plant size?A major challenge to CSP plants is theirinherently high capita cost. However, conventionalpower plants suffer from highfossil- fuel-dependent running costs, andthus the running costs of parabolic troughplants were found to be very competitive.The optimum plant size derived from themodel used in this report was found to bearound 150 MW.UAE India South Africa Tunisia Algeria China Equation 1:LCOE =Morocco Cost LifeCycle440 Israel 817 Australia 1338 Spain 10910.8 How do parabolic troughswork?The electricity is generated using by transferringthe heat generated from solar collectionto a heat transfer fluid and then toa steam heat exchanger, and then convertingit into electricity using a conventionalUSA Energy LifeCycle= f cr!C Invest+ C O&M+ C FuelEC NetWhere f cris the annuity factor calculatedas per Equation 2:f cr= k d !(1+ k d )n(1+ k d) n "1 + k Insurance Where k dis the real debt interest rate,k insuranceis the annual insurance rate, n isthe depreciation period in years, C investisthe total investment of the plant, C O&Misthe annual O&M cost, C fuelis the annualfuel cost and EC netis the annual netelectricity.10 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.comwww.globalsmt.net

Solar thermal parabolic trough economicsPerformance Factors* CSP PTC Wind PV Biomass Natural GasEnergy Resource (GWh/km2/annum) 75-100 25-60 50-60

Structural adhesives and the solar industry: standing the test of timeInterviewStructural adhesivesand the solar industry:standing the test of timeAs a major producer of general-purpose and specialty adhesives, LORDCorporation has been at the forefront of many industry trends. This isespecially true for the solar power industry, which was just coming intoplay when LORD became involved with supplying adhesives for the firstsolar-electric generating plant (Solar One) in California in the early 80s.Not only was the solar power installation innovative for its time, so werethe adhesives used to assemble the solar generating equipment. Sincethen, LORD has pioneered adhesive technology advancements and isnow one the foremost suppliers of adhesive solutions to the solar powermarketplace.In this interview, Dennis Howard, a retired synthetic polymer chemist,discusses the development of polymeric adhesives at LORD and theiruse in the burgeoning solar industry in the 1980s. Dave Pugne, managerof Structural Adhesives Technology at LORD, brings us up-to-dateon the advances LORD has made in adhesive technology for the solarpower industry.Dennis HowardWhat developments in materials weretaking place 30 years ago that warrantedsimilar innovations in adhesives?Dennis Howard: Back then, more andmore manufactured assemblies were usingnew plastic materials that were emerging atthe time. Many of these assemblies requiredthe bonding of plastics to metals, and wewere working on developing adhesives thatcould bond dissimilar materials, besidesadhering metals-to-metals and plastics-toplastics.The adhesive had to be so versatilethat it could bond a metallic material to aplastic material.Describe the development of these newpolymeric adhesives at LORD.Howard: At the time, these adhesives werevery innovative. We were at the forefrontof new polymer development. In our R&Dlabs, we were not just buying stock componentsand mixing them together; we wereinvolved in creating new polymeric materialsto formulate these adhesives. It is moredifficult to develop an adhesive that sticksto plastic on one surface and metal onanother surface—but our line of Versilok®adhesives was able to do that—while alsobonding metal-to-metal and plastic-toplastic.The solar industry was also just beginningto develop at that time. What was the solarindustry looking for in an adhesive?Howard: Solar panels are often made ofdissimilar materials—metal componentsand plastic components. Solar assembliesneed to withstand harsh environmentalconditions (rain, wind, sand) and excessivetemperature ranges (panels get coldat night, extremely hot during the day, andcold again at night). The solar industry waslooking for an adhesive that could meetthese criteria—and Versilok adhesivesseemed to be a natural application for thesolar market.So, at LORD, you were developing adhesivesthat were a perfect fit for the solarindustry.Dave PugneHoward: Yes, we were creating new polymermaterials that could be used in formulatingadhesives that were also very stableagainst degradation due to water and moisture.This new class of polymeric materialsremained flexible at low temperatures butdid not decompose at high temperaturesand therefore, would be useful over a verywide temperature range. In developingVersilok adhesives, proprietary componentsenabled the formulation to provideextremely good adhesion to metal andplastic.12 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Structural adhesives and the solar industry: standing the test of timecomponents and are easy to apply at thejob site. Not only could you use Versilok tofabricate the sub-assembly, but you couldtake that same adhesive and do the finalassembly in the field.How did adhesives keep weight down andlower production costs in solar manufacturing?Howard: Adhesives are an ideal substitutefor mechanical fasteners or welding. Withthese other production methods, you stillneed a sealant or gasket to seal joints andprevent contaminants, such as dirt, sandand oils, from entering the solar assembly.Adhesives “took off the table” the requirementfor any type of sealant or gasketbecause the adhesive became its own sealantor gasket.LORD Versilok 204 and 506 structural adhesives were used to fabricate portions of SolarOne, the first solar-electric generating plant in the United States.How have structural adhesives evolvedsince the 80s?Dave Pugne: Most of the racking systemsused in today’s solar installations are madeof aluminum and are either bonded ormechanically fastened to other substratesto build an assembly. The solar industry islooking for methods to help them decreasemaintenance costs, while improving durabilityand increasing product life expectancy.A new generation of acrylic adhesives,Maxlok adhesives, replaces welding,brazing, riveting and other mechanicalfastening methods and can be used in awide range of temperature environmentssubject to high impact or high peel loads.They are designed to bond a wide varietyof unprepared metals and dissimilar substrates,with minimal preparation.Did the Versilok adhesives gain wideacceptance in the solar industry?Howard: The adhesives became very popularin the solar industry, especially becauseof their versatility. They could be used inthe manufacture of solar equipment andin the field to assemble the equipment forinstallation. Because many of the solarassemblies are large and flat, portions ofthem are fabricated in the shop, but theactual installation required some assemblyof the various components in the field.The adhesives are very easy to use in themanufacturing environment to producePugne: Bonding solar panels to the rackingsystem eliminates the need for numerousfasteners. Adhesives also reduce stresspoints by evenly distributing weight acrossthe entire frame. For example, the bolts inthe panels will eventually, over time, beginto work themselves loose due to extremeoutdoor conditions such as wind andrain. Adhesives eliminate this problem.You no longer need to have maintenancepersonnel go into the field for regularcheck-ups, or to replace or tighten fasteners.Mechanical fasteners are also prone torusting, while the adhesives are formulatedto withstand wind, rain, dirt, sand and saltspray. Installation and construction timeis a lot quicker too, compared to laborintensiveoperations such as welding. TheDid the new polymeric adhesives findapplications in other industries?Howard: LORD embarked on developinga new class of adhesives because manufacturerswere not happy with what was currentlyavailable. Versilok adhesives foundacceptance in many industries, includingthe automotive market and personal recreationalvehicles such as watercraft, snowmobilesand jet skis. It then became apparentthat these adhesives would be usefulfor the manufacture and installation ofsolar equipment, considering their abilityto withstand harsh environments.For the Solar One installation, LORD Versilok adhesives provided a strong bond that was ableto withstand harsh, hot environments.www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 13

Structural adhesives and the solar industry: standing the test of time“In dismantling the heliostat, the adhesiveswere found to be intact after almost 30-yearsof installation. “weight of the racking system is reducedwhen mechanical fasteners are eliminated.All of these advantages translate into costsavings whether it’s inventory costs, laborcosts or production costs.Were there other advantages to usingVersilok adhesives?Howard: One important aspect of Versilokadhesives was that it did not take a lot ofadhesive to form a very strong bond. Onlya very thin layer of adhesive is needed toimpart a watertight seal. The fact that youneed less adhesive to provide a durablebond is a definitely a cost-saving consideration.And the watertight seal goes beyondjust “being watertight”—water will notdegrade the adhesive either. Even to thisday, those polymeric materials have stoodthe test of time and are still useful in creatingnew adhesive products.How is the new generation of adhesivesdifferent from earlier formulations?Pugne: The LORD line of metal-bondingadhesives are now formulated to providethe end user with higher degrees of impactand peel strength, increased shelf life, lowtack surfaces, and re-mate-ability properties.These new adhesives feature glassbeadtechnology to insure exact bond-linethickness. Tiny glass beads (only 0.01 in. indiameter), imbedded throughout the adhesiveformulation, guarantee that optimumbond-line thickness is achieved when twoparts are mated together. The glass beadsact like spacers in the bond line to keep thebond-line thickness from varying.Other areas where these adhesivesexcel are in application and cure times. Theadhesives are easily dispensed, in the manufacturingplant or out in the field, fromside-by-side cartridges with a mix ratio of4:1. A variety of cure times allows the userto choose the adhesive that meets theirapplications needs. There are formulationsthat cure very quickly in 3 or 6 minutes tothose that are “open” a bit longer, up to 18minutes.What is the connection between LORDand Hughson Chemicals, the supplier ofadhesives to the Solar One installation?Howard: LORD Corporation began asLORD Manufacturing back in the 1920s.At that time, the company made mostlyrubber-to-metal bonded assemblies suchas motor mounts and vibration controlequipment. The company was not happywith the adhesives they were getting fromtheir supplier, and were looking for betterperforming products. LORD embarkedon developing a new class of adhesives,and created a new company, HughsonChemicals, in the late 1950s. The newadhesives were sold under the HughsonChemicals name until the two divisionswere merged in the 1990s.How did LORD (Hughson Chemicals)become involved with the solar-electricgenerating plant in the early 80s?Howard: A major subcontractor for theSolar One installation was awarded a contractto provide 1,800 heliostats for thefirst solar-electric generating plant in theUnited States near Barstow, California.They were looking for ways to make solarpower cost competitive with fossil-fuelplants and to find the types of materialsthat would meet the demands of solarenergy technology. The company knewthat adhesives would be a cost-effectivesolution, but they needed a formulationthat could withstand the ultraviolet effectsfrom the sun. Versilok acrylic structuraladhesives were able to not only provide theultraviolet resistance they required, theyalso kept weight down, decreased productioncosts, provided a watertight seal, andimparted structural strength.Which adhesives were used in the assemblyof the solar power equipment?Howard: For the heliostat mirror modules,Versilok 204 was used to bond the cornerclips, the channels and the module supportdoublers. Versilok 506 was used tobond the special ABS plastic housings tothe acrylic Fresnel lenses in the photovoltaicassemblies. Both these applicationsrequired an adhesive that could not onlydeliver a strong bond, but could also act asa sealant and withstand harsh, hot environments.When the installation was dismantled30-years later, what did the contractor discover?Pugne: In 2009, the government decommissionedthe Solar One installation andthe solar panels had to be replaced. In dismantlingthe heliostat, the adhesives werefound to be intact after almost 30-years ofinstallation. The adhesive bonds had notbeen compromised, standing up to ultravioletrays and providing a watertight sealthat prevented corrosion for the life of theequipment.What is the growth potential for structuraladhesives in the solar industry?Pugne: Adhesives will gain more marketacceptance, as solar panel manufacturersbegin to understand the benefits of replacingmechanical fasteners with adhesivesand become more confident with using achemical method of joining, especially foraluminum racking systems.How will new types of structural adhesivesmeet the needs of the solar industry as itcontinues to develop?Pugne: Within the thin-film market, adhesiveswill provide protection against moistureand oxygen. Other opportunities existin the attachment of thin-film materials tovarious substrates with no loss of durabilityor additional hardware required. Withmore than 60 years of experience designingand developing adhesives to satisfy awide variety of applications, LORD willcontinue to develop innovative adhesivesto meet the ever-changing requirements ofthe solar industry.14 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Advanced wire sawing technology for solar photovoltaic cellswww.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 15

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyMarket is murkyon FiT cuts,natural disastersand renewedeconomicuncertaintyJon Custer-TopaiSlow going in 1H’11In many parts of the industrialized world,global economic growth has slowed incomparison to 2010 (Chart 1). Japan hasslipped back into a recession with industrialproduction (Chart 2) slowing and its“Purchasing Managers” index (Chart 3)pointing to continued contraction.Taiwan and China manufactured 59.4%(14,193 MW) of global cell productionin 2010 according to The InformationNetwork, and iSuppli expects China’s solarmodule production capacity is expected toreach 17.6 GW in 2011, or 62% of globalmanufacturing capacity.Taiwan and China’s (Charts 4 &5) “Purchasing Managers” indices areshowing slowing demand, and theircurrencies (Charts 6 & 7) continue tostrengthen against the U.S. dollar. Recentlyrevised GDP projected growth rates fromHenderson Ventures (Chart 8) point toalmost 0 y/y GDP growth in Japan as aresult of the Fukushima earthquake, andall monthly Asian Purchasing Managers’indices growth (Chart 9) have contractedbased on a 3/12 rate of change.On a positive note, U.S. industrialproduction (Chart 10) and unemployment(Chart 11) are showing expansion, andcommodity prices (Chart 12) appear to bestabilizing.Looking back in history, onecan see that energy demand beganoutpacing U.S. population in 1960(Chart 13), and as additional countriesincrease transportation and technologyconsumption, energy demand will increase(Chart 14) proportionally.1Q’11 global solar supply chain (Chart15) grew 32% annually with crystallinecontinuing to dominate revenue growth,but both 3/12 and 12/12 rate of change(Chart 16) show weakening demand basedon preliminary publically traded earningscomposite data.Taiwan’s solar panel manufacturingmonthly revenue (Chart 17) confirmedfurther softening based on highermanufacturing and transportationcosts, tightened incentive programs andincreased economic uncertainty.20110514Industrial Production - World% Change vs. One Year Earlier20110501Japan Industrial Production124120116112108104100969288848076726864601 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 403 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11Calendar YearEconomist 5/2011 http://www.economist.com Output, prices and jobshttp://www.meti.go.jp/english/statistics/tyo/iip/h2afdlde.html#data_iipChart 1. Chart 2.16 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyreached $658 million in 25 deals—compared to $238 million in 4Q10 and$311 million in 1Q10.—Mercom CapitalGroupStorage & batteriesSolar power industry will spend $953million (USD) on energy storage systemsin 2016, rising to $1.5 billion in 2018.—NanoMarketsCells modules panelsGlobal photovoltaics module shipmentsdecreased by almost 10% from 6.4 GW in4Q10 to 5.8 GW in 1Q11.—IMS ResearchAlgatec Solar’s Canadian subsidiaryestablished 50,000 SF/50 MW photovoltaicmodule manufacturing facility in Ontario.Applied Sustainability Research Groupand the Sustainable Energy AppliedResearch Centre developed Open SolarOutdoors Test Field in Ontario.Arise Technologies• appointed Judson Whiteside to itsboard of directors.• temporarily reduced its German photovoltaiccell plant production dueto higher inventory levels and toughmarket conditions.BHEL and BEL are jointly buildingintegrated 250 MW solar photovoltaicmodules plant in either in Karnataka orAndhra Pradesh.Bosch Solar Energy• expanded its photovoltaics productionto 150 MW to Vénissieux, France.• accomplished world record 19.6% efficiencyfor 4.73 Watt peak silicon PVcell.Canadian Solar• received 100 MW solar module supplydeal from Fire Energy Group, 81 MWsales agreement from Saferay and 97MW supply contract from GP Joule.• supplied 8 MW of solar modules toEOSOL Energies and the Caisse desdepots et consignations for a solarpower plant in Villeneuve de Marsan,Aquitaine, France.Daqo New Energy and JNE Solar arejointly building a 25 MW solar moduleproduction facility in Hamilton, Ontario,Canada.Day4 Energy reduced its workforce by 30jobs in Burnaby, B.C.Eclipsall is building 120,000 SF solar panelmanufacturing facility in Toronto.EMCORE received long-term supplyagreement with Space Systems/Loralfor multi-junction solar cells for SpaceSystems/Loral’s commercial satelliteprograms.Fraunhofer ISE achieved 20.2% efficiencyfor back-contact silicon solar cells usingscreen printing technology.Fudan University in China researchersdevised method to fabricate flexible andweavable solar cells using long fibers spunfrom flexible, light-weight, ultrastrong, andsemiconductive carbon nanotube fibers.GlobalWatt signed $2 million distributionagreement for commercial and mobilesolar panel systems for Texas installations.Helios Solar Works received $150,000in financing for purchase of roboticmanufacturing equipment at its factory inthe Menomonee River Valley.Innotech Solar delivered 4.3 MWp solarphotovoltaic modules and engineeringservices for rooftop installation in Grenada,Spain.JinkoSolar appointed Ron Kenedi,president of JinkoSolar (U.S.) Inc.KISCO installed 65 MW production linefrom 3S Modultec.KYOCERA supplied 6 MWmulticrystalline silicon solar modules fora large-scale solar power plant near Turin,Italy.LDK Solar expects China’s demand toreach 3-4 GW in 2012.MIT researchers developed photovoltaiccell based on organic molecules thatharnesses the energy of infrared light whileallowing visible light to pass through.Moser Baer planned crystalline-basedsolar cells and thin film solar cell facilityoutside of Hyderabad was cancelled byAndhra Pradesh government.PLG Power is building 120 MW solar cellmanufacturing facility in Nashik, India.Pufin French subsidiary is building 20MW module production facility in SaintEtienne, France.PV Evolution Labs launched fast-turnaround3rd party flash testing service inBerkeley, CA.Qsolar sold 50 MW of solar panels withSpraytek79 Technology to CommercialSolar Design for $74.5 million.SANYO and Westburne (Rexel CanadaElectrical) entered solar PV moduledistribution alliance across Canada.Silfab opened 90 MW PV modulemanufacturing facility in Mississauga,Ontario. received 9.3 MW module orderfrom Agris Solar Cooperative Inc.Siliken began offering 25-year linearpower guarantee.Solaria named Marco Garcia, COO andBob Zapotosky, CFO.SolarPA and Solar Power Industriesjointly deployed nanocrystal coating onsolar cells to enhance solar cell efficiencyby 11.5%.SoloPower• is spending $340 million to build asolar plant to North Portland, Oregon.• abandoned $11 million incentive pack-20110505China Yuan vs. U.S. Dollar20110505GDP GrowthConstant $ Growth Rates Converted @ Constant Exchange RatesExchange Rate Yuan/US$8.38.28.187.97.87.77.67.57.47.37.27.171% stronger vs US$ in 2010 vs 20096.96.86.76.66.51 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 121 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 121 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 121 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 121 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101 121 2 3 4 5 605 06 07 08 09 10 112009 2010 2011 2012 2013World -1.8 4.0 3.4 4.0 3.8USA -2.6 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.8EU -4.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0Japan -5.2 4.0 0.2 3.2 1.7Four Tigers -0.8 7.0 4.5 5.0 4.6China 9.1 10.3 9.0 8.7 8.5CALENDAR YEARhttp://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/categories/15Henderson Ventures 5/2011www.hendersonventures.comChart 7. Chart 8.18 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyage tied to Wilsonville.Sunrise Global Solar Energyaccomplished 19.2% efficiency for massproduced monocrystalline silicon solar cellusing Schmid GmbH technology.Suntech Power Holdings• introduced third production shift atits photovoltaic panel manufacturingfacility in Goodyear, Arizona.• received 100 MW/2 yr polycrystallinemodule supply contract fromSunBorne for turnkey solar powerplants in India.• plans to add at least 9.5 GW of newmanufacturing lines in 2011.SVTC Technologies received $25M grantfrom U.S. DOE to build a photovoltaicmanufacturing development facility.Total acquired 60% of SunPower.Trina Solar• and the Australian National Universityentered n-type silicon solar cellresearch collaboration.• downwardly adjusted its 1Q11 solarmodule shipment forecast to 320-322MW.• entered 130 MW sales agreement withEPC Mohring Energie GmbH.• received 40 MW PV module supplycontract from RF Industries.• opened a sales and business developmentoffice in Sydney, Australia.Uni-Solar is setting up a manufacturingplant in LaSalle, Ontario, to take advantageof the province’s FIT program.Yingli Green Energy• established Southeast Asian headquartersin Singapore.• entered into exclusive agent agreementand 10 MW PV module distributioncontract, with YHS Co.EMS & assemblyDC Electronics is adding 12,500 SF to its30,000 SF facility in San Jose, CA.Flextronics• and SunPower dedicated new solarpanel manufacturing plant in Milpitas,CA.• Malaysia facility received 270MW/yr solar panel contract manufacturingorder from MEMC ElectronicMaterials.Dr. Dongkai Shangguan was appointed toSustainable Technology’s advisory board.Solon sold its stake in ml&s to HydraulikNord.Worldwide Energy & Manufacturingappointed Jeff Watson CEO.IntegrationAmerican Capital Energy built 18.3 MWsolar project for Cape & Vineyard ElectricCooperative in Cape Cod and Martha’sVineyard.Amonix built 2 MW AC Nameplate powerplant at University of Arizona’s Science andTechnology Park.AREVA Solar is installing a 44 MW solarthermal augmentation project at 750 MWcoal-fired power station in Queensland,Australia.Atlantic Green Power and Invenergy aredeveloping 18 MW solar project in New201105021.91.40.9Asian Purchasing Managers' Indices3/12 rate of change0.411 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 11 2 503 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11Source: Custer Consulting Group"0" Growth China TaiwanS KoreaJapanCALENDAR YEAR201104271041009692888480767268646056(Seasonally Adjusted)U.S. Industrial ProductionIndex (2007=100)1 4 71014 7101 4 71014 7101 4 71014 7101 4 7101 47101 4 7101 47101 4 71014 7101 4 71014 7101 4 7101 47101 4 7101 47101 4 7101 47101 4 7101 490 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11Calendar Yearwww.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/table1_2.htmChart 9. Chart 10.20110401U.S. Civilian Unemployment Rate20110514Oil vs. Copper Prices11 %109876Highest sinceApril 198313512010590756045OilCopper150 US$/Barrel 0Speculative buyingSpot Oil Prices - US$ & EurosW Texas Intermediate CrudeUS$/pound54325431 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 189 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11CALENDAR YEARConference Boardwww.conference-board.org/data/bcicountry.cfm?cid=1301501 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 100 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11CALENDAR YEARhttp://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/OILPRICE.txthttp://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CP/B9Chart 11. Chart 12.1www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 19

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyJersey.Atlantic Wind & Solar• CEO, Pierre Cousin resigned.• appointed Mark Holcombe and Dr. LucDuchesne to its board of directors.Avidan Management completed 4.26 MWrooftop solar system in New Jersey.AZUR SOLAR opened head office,visitor and distribution center in Slough,Berkshire, UK.Boeing South Carolina plant added 2.6MW thin-film panel rooftop solar system.Borrego installed 1 MW rooftop solarpanel system for NewAge Industries inSouthampton, Pennsylvania.BrightSource solar received $1.6billion loan guarantee from U.S. EnergyDepartment for proposed 392 MWIvanpah (California) solar complex.California Independent System Operatorlaunched new Solar Today web graph thatdepicts real-time data of solar energy beinggenerated on the ISO wholesale power grid.CBD Energy, Datang Renewable Powerand Baoding Electric formed newcorporate entity, the AusChina EnergyGroup.Chevron Mining and ChevronTechnology Ventures built 1 MWdemonstration plant in New Mexico.Clear Solar added a Dataweave ERPsystem.Cogentrix Energy received $90.6 millionconditional loan guarantee from U.S.Energy Department to build 30 MWAlamosa solar generating project inColorado.Community Energy Solar and ExelonGeneration closed 15-year agreementfor purchase of power and renewableenergy credits from 6 MW solar project inLancaster County, Penn.Conergy• is building 12.4 MW solar park inNakhon Pathom province, Thailand.• installed 1.75 MW power plant on theCanary Islands.• Constellation Energy• developed 4.5 MW solar powersystem with Holyoke Gas & Electric inHolyoke, Mass.• built 5.38 MW solar panel system (2ndlargest solar rooftop installation in theworld) on Toys R Us distribution centerin Flanders, New Jersey.• Bought 30 MW Sacramento, California,solar project from Belectric.Cupertino Electric completed 1.26 MWsolar PV system installation at MountainView School.DRI Energy completed 1.24 MW solardeployment in San Jose, California.Duke Energy Renewables acquired 1 MWsolar farm at North Carolina elementaryschool.EDF Energies Nouvelles Réparties sold itsstake in Tenesol to Total.Efektim• hired Ondrej Slavík as director of service.• started construction on FVE Kresandraand FVE Power Plant 1 photovoltaicpower plants in Slovakia.Egypt is building 100 MW solarphotovoltaic power plant in Kom Ombo,Aswan.eIQ Energy’s Parallel Solar Technologycompleted 1.2 MW array in Coalinga, Calif.Energix Renewable Energy raised NIS 146million in IPO.Enfinity completed two photovoltaicprojects totaling 18.2 MW in Les Mées,France.First Solar and China PowerInternational New Energy Holding arejointly collaborating on solar photovoltaicprojects in China, U.S. and otherinternational markets.Fotowatio is building 30 MW solar plantin Webberville, Texas.Gehrlicher completed 3.1 MW rooftopsolar PV systems in Wittenberg, Germany.Innergex Renewable Energy acquiredrights to develop Enfinity NV 27 MWACStardale photovoltaic solar project for$11.1 million.Innotech Solar secured NOK45m(€5.72m) contract to supply photovoltaicmodules and engineering services to anundisclosed European utility company fora power plant in Spain.Lanco plans to scale up 5 MW solar powergeneration plant in Gujarat to 35 MW bythe end of 2011.Lincoln Renewable Energy concludedpower sales and project finance agreementwith Macquarie Energy for 10 MW solarphotovoltaic project in Fairfield Townshipin Cumberland County, New Jersey.Macy’s added 3.5 MW solar power systemon the roof of its online fulfillment centerin Goodyear, AZ.Natuzzi Group added five rooftopphotovoltaic systems totaling 4.5 MW inPuglia and Basilicata, Italy.NJR Clean Energy Ventures built 3.6 MWsolar project in Manalapan, New Jersey.Northern California Power Agency,Lightbeam and Gridley built 1 MWphotovoltaic array on Highway 99.NTE Energy named Melissa HouskampCFO.OCI Solar Power LLC/CornerStoneHolmdel constructed 4.8 MW solar fieldin Holmdel, New Jersey.OPDE completed a total of 36.43 MW ineight farms in Italy and Spain in 1Q11.Partners Group spent 276 million-euro($399 million) to acquire 71 MW solar2011050120110501Energy DemandTotal & Per CapitaDeloitte Review 7/09Earthtrends 2008Chart 13. Chart 14.20 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyphotovoltaic plant in Rovigo, Italy.Pegasus Energy plans to build a 400 MWphotovoltaic solar power plant in AlamedaCounty, California.Phoenix Solar• completed 12 MW solar PV park inFrance.• is building 3.5 MW solar park for SaudiArabian Oil Company.PLG Power signed power purchaseagreement with Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigamfor 40 MW of solar power.Public Service Electric and Gas Companyand Matrix Development Group completed2.8 MW rooftop solar installations in PerthAmboy, NJ.Q-Cells founded Q-Cells Meister Club(QMC) to serve Japanese residential marketwith integrated photovoltaic solutions.REC completed 1.8 MW PV system forIkea in Tejon, California.S.A.G. Solarstrom completed 12 MWpphotovoltaic project in Northern Italy.Scatec Solar completed 4 MW Italian PVplant in Puglia, Italy.Silfab Ontario and Alderville FirstNation are building a 5 MW solar farm inOntario.Solaire Generation installed 3.6 MW(largest corporate) solar parking powerplant in U.S.Solar Thin Films changed its business fromsale of turnkey factories for production ofthin film solar modules to establishing,financing, managing and syndicating solarfarms.Solar Trust of America formed JV withSolarHybrid.Solis Partners completed 1.2 MW rooftopPV installation in Freehold, N.J for ShorePoint Distributing.SOLON completed 2.7 MW in solar systemfor Arizona’s Paradise Valley UnifiedSchool District.Solyndra and Interservice Uzunoviinstalled 1 MW solar system on Biometrooftop in Sevlievo, Bulgaria.Spain is spending 55 million euro toconstruct 47.5 MW solar power facility forLucainena de las Torres.SPG Solar• appointed Tom Sandman (formerly ofGE) as Sr VP and CFO and Lin JohnsonGeneral, Counsel and VP.• completed 3MW-DC solar PV planton redeveloped military facility inSacramento, California.Spire Solar Systems constructed 2MW at Berkshire School in Sheffield,Massachusetts.SunPower• completed 1MW ground-mountedsolar power system in Tucson, Arizona.• installed 1.7 MW solar power systemfor Rancho California Water District.• received $1.187 bln federal loan guaranteeto finance 250-MW solar powerplant in California Valley Solar Ranchin San Luis Obispo County.• built 5MW farm at Kalaeloa in WestOahu, Hawaii.Tata Power commissioned 3MW solarpower plant in Maharashtra, India.TerraSmart appointed Colleen Brennan asVP of marketing and public relations.Tigo Energy raised $10 million in equity20110522Global "Solar/Photovoltaic Foodchain" Growth1Q'11 vs. 1Q'10 (Preliminary estimate)20100918Total Industry3220110522Global Solar/Photovoltaic GrowthTotal Industry based upon 60 Company broad sample3/12 & 12/12 Rate of ChangeVertically IntegratedCells, Modules, PanelsThin Film Processes024321.52 Rate of Growth (1.0=no growth) 12/12 3/12Zero GrowthThin Film Process EquipCrystalline Semiconductor Processes121021Other Process Equip38Materials70.5Inverters & Power Supplies48Batteries & StorageInstallations & End Applications7190 20 40 60 80 100 120% ChangeUS$ equivalent at fluctuating exchange; based upon industry composites including acquisitions01 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 207 08 09 10 11CALENDAR YEARChart 15. Chart 16.20110511Taiwan Solar/Photovoltaic Panel CompaniesComposite of 17 ManufacturersNT$ billions201816141210864202010/2009 RevenueUp 80%1357911135791113579111357911135791113579111357911135791113579111357911135791113500 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11CALENDAR YEARBig Sun Energy Technology, Daxon, DelSolar, e_TON Solar Tec, Eversol, Gintech, Green Energy Technology (GET),Ligitek, Motech, Neo Solar Power, Phoenixtec Power Co (PPC), Precision Silicon, Sino-American Silicon Products,Sonartech, Sysgration, Tyntek, Wafer WorksChart 17.20100513Subcontracting in Solar Manufacturing IndustrySolar Module EMS Production ForecastGW of Solar Panels5.04.14.03.03.02.22.01.81.11.00.40.02009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014iSuppli 4/10Chart 18.www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 21

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintycapital and secured an accounts-receivableline for up to an additional $10 million.Total acquired Tenesol’s operations.Unirac achieved ISO 9001:2008 QMS andISO 14001:2004 EMS certifications.United Solar completed 1.1 MW solarpower system on the rooftop of a logisticscenter in Marignane, France.Vermont Air National Guard base added2.2 MW solar project in South Burlington,Vermont.Western Massachusetts ElectricCompany constructed 2.2 MW solarenergy facility in Springfield.Youil Renewable Energy is building40 MW solar plant in E.B. Magalona,Philippines.Inverters & power suppliesJapan-made PV inverter-use aluminumcapacitor supply is not expected to easeuntil 3Q11.—NichidenboAdvanced Energy• is celebrating 30 years in business.• solar inverter achieved record 98% efficiency.Delta Electronics is building solar powerswitching supply plant in Chennai, India,which is scheduled to begin production inApril 2012.Emerson provided utility-scale powerinverters for 30 MW solar power plant inWebberville, Texas.Enecsys• revealed details of novel solar inverterarchitecture, which eliminates electrolyticcapacitors to increase reliability.• received £25 million ($41 million) inSeries B equity financing.Energy Conversion• cut 300 jobs.• named Jay Knoll as its interim president.• initiated a search for a permanent CEOto replace Mark Morelli.Harland Simon and Aston Energy teamedup on EnergySolis series grid-connectedphotovoltaic inverter.IXYS introduced rugged 500 V and 600 VPolarP3 Power MOSFETs.Power-One added two Hitachi (Sigma)G5 high-speed SMT assembly systems inCamarillo, California.Satcon appointed Aaron Gomolakexecutive VP, CFO and treasurer.SMA Solar Technology appointed Pierre-Pascal Urbon CEO.SolarBridge Technologies namedCelestica its CEM for volume productionof PantheonTM microinverters.SolarEdge added a PV inverter productionline at Flextronics Newmarket, Ontario,factory.Solectria Renewables expanded capacityat its Lawrence, Mass., facility to 800 MW.Sustainable Energy and Eclipsall Energyentered 10 MW collaboration on solarpower “kits” based on SUNERGY invertersfor North American markets.Tigo Energy received $10 million inadditional equity capital from GenerationInvestment Management.Materials & componentsDye sensitized cell panel and materialsmarkets are expected to reach US $1.9Billion by 2016.—NanoMarketsInternational quotes for PV silverconductive paste rose 20% from US$1,500-1,600/kg in January 2011 to US$1,900/kgin May 2011.3M named George Buckley COO.Aldrich Materials Science and Agfabegan jointly producing and distributingOrgacon conductive polymers for use inorganic photovoltaics.Applied Nanotech Holdings opened solarinks pilot manufacturing line in Austin,Texas.Applied Seals North America openedapplications and design center at its SiliconValley Headquarters.Asia Polymer is building 120,000 MTethylenevinyle acetate plant in KaohsiungCounty, Taiwan.Avantor Performance Materialsappointed Sushil Mehta executive VP andBrian Wilson executive VP of Operations.Bosch appointed Eric Daniels regionalpresident of Solar Energy.Bridgestone added new productionethylene vinyl acetate film line in Poland.Centrosolar commissioned its first Asiananti-reflective coating line in Huzhou,China.Dow Chemical named Targray its globaldistributor for its ENLIGHT polyolefinencapsulant films.Dow Corning named Robert Hansen CEO.DuPont introduced low-silver Solamet®PV pastes.Giga Solar Materials expects its globalmarket share for PV aluminum paste torise from 27% in 2010 to 40% in 2011.Hangzhou First PV Material namedAstenik Solar its exclusive Canadiandistributor.Henkel released hot melt adhesive/sealantthat allows immediate handling of solarmodules.LDK Solar is investing $35 million toexpand silane gas manufacturing in XinyuCity, Jiangxi Province, to 2,000 MT .Marubeni became Innovalight’s distributorfor silicon ink in Japan.O-I inaugurated new photovoltaic glassplant in Béziers, France.Phononic Devices appointed former FirstSolar president Bruce Sohn to its board ofdirectors.20110223Photovoltaic Value Stack (Crystalline Silicon)Module Cost (2008 Figures)20110501PV Inverter Shipments100%80%60%40%20%0%iSuppli 2011ModuleCost21%15%19%15%15%15%PolysiliconIngots & WaferCellModuleOther ComponentsInstallationAccording to iSuppli, the EMS productionvalue for solar modules was 1.1 gigawatts(GW) in 2010 with the median module costingaround $1.86/watt (wholesale) for a total of $2billion out of total worldwide moduleproduction for 17.7 GW values at $33 billion.A further breakdown of module costs based2008 production cost at a median of $2.11/wattare for a 50 MW/year production line:- the wafer costs $1.08/W- changing the wafer into a cell costs $0.40-45- changing the cell into a module costsanother $0.40-45Module cost = $2.11/W at 85% cumulativeyield. Source: PJC Poly Si Supply & DemandAnalysis8.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.0GWpSystem installations will reach22.4GWp in 2011, while shipmentsof PV inverters will hit 24.5 GWp0.01 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 409 10 11Digitimes Research 4/11Chart 19. Chart 20.22 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintySAGE added a glass manufacturing plantin Faribault, Minn.Solutia opened a commercial-gradeVistasolar EVA encapsulant manufacturingfacility in Suzhou, China.Sumitomo Chemical is increasing itsJapanese production capacity for highlyfunctional resins used for manufacturingsolar cells in October to nearly 30,000 tons/year.Taiflex Scientific received DuPonttechnology licensing for PV back sheets.Teknek introduced Ultracleen range ofcleaning roller for flat panel display, solarphotovoltaic, touch panel, and other thinfilms.Toyobo is investing 7 billion yen to increaseprotective film production for solar cellsand touch panels.Process equipmentAmtech appointed Dr. James Hwang asCTO and Dr. SooKap Hahn to board ofdirectors.BTU International named Jack Antouniandirector of operations.Centrotherm Photovoltaics and KineticsGermany constructed an almost fullyintegrated solar module factory in Algeria.DEK Solar PVP1200 print platform wasused by Institute for Solar Energy ResearchHamelin to accomplish record 19.4%crystalline silicon cell efficiency.GT Solar monocast silicon materialachieved average cell efficiencies of 18.8%with highest efficiencies exceeding 19%on monocast silicon material as testedby Researchers at Georgia Institute ofTechnology.J.v.G. Thoma group received contract forset-up of a turnkey PV production line inIndia.MAG delivered turnkey 30 MWphotovoltaic module system to Solar-Energy sp.z o.o. in Bozepole Wielkie,Poland.Meyer Burger acquired Roth & Rau.Rite Track hired John Marcheschi as VP ofsales.Schmid Group delivered 1000th wetprocessing system made in China.R&DOerlikon Solar and the Institute of Physics’photovoltaic group at the Academy ofSciences of the Czech Republic discoveredthat ‘Swiss cheese’ design enables thin filmsilicon solar cells with potential for higherefficiencies.University of Missouri engineer developedflexible solar sheet that captures more than90% of available light.Silicon ingot waferApplied Materials received 2.5 GW orderfor HCT B5TM wire saws from GCL-PolyEnergy.AUO Crystal broke ground on 250MW solar monocrystalline ingots andmonocrystalline wafer plant in CentralTaiwan Science Park’s Houli base.Comtec Solar Systems is targeting 1,400MW output capacity for 2011.20100329Cost Breakdown of Single String Inverter forResidential Application - 200920101216Demand Increase in 2010 by Inverter Power LevelMagnetic ComponentsPower Electronic Compo>500 kWBoard & Electronics31%10%12%101-500 kW19%36-100 kW23%5%Enclosure10-35 kWTest

Market is murky on FiT cuts, natural disasters and renewed economic uncertaintyDanen Technology is investing NT$1.8billion (US$63 million) to increaseproduction of silicon wafers, blocks andingots for solar cells in the SouthernTaiwan Science Park.GCL-Poly is cutting production costs by25% this year as profit margins are squeezedby declining prices for its products.GT Solar• received $93.9m polysilicon productionequipment order from PowertecEnergy.• introduced DSS650 multicrystallineingot growth system which producesingots greater than 625 kilograms.• received multiple new orders totaling$84.3 million for DSS crystallizationgrowth furnaces.Hankook Silicon’s 3200 MTY plant inYeosu, Korea, began producing high-puritypolysilicon for photovoltaic industry.Hanwha Chemical is investing $955million to build produce 10,000 MTpolysilicon production plant in Yeosu,South Korea, that is scheduled to becompleted by July 2013.LDK Solar expects China solar demand toreach 4 GW in 2012.OCI is spending $1.7 billion to build24,000-MT/year polysilicon plant in SouthKorea’s North Jeolla province.Schmid Silicon Technology Holdingnamed Jochen Schneider CEO of SchmidSilicon Technology Holding.Taiwan Polysilicon (LCY Chemical andEverlight Electronics JV) received two-yearpolysilicon supply contract from Eversol.Tokuyama is investing 111 billion yen toboost its polycrystalline silicon annualoutput capacity to 31,000 tons/yr in 2015.Utech Solar received JPY 650 mlninvestment from Mitsubishi; will startproducing wafers with initial outputcapacity of 330 MW.Woongjin plans to spend 800 billion won($734 million) to boost its output capacityof polysilicon to 17,000 MT by 2013.Thin filmAscent Solar Technologies cut itsworkforce by roughly half.Hyundai-Avancis broke ground on100 MW CIGS solar module plant inChungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.Konarka appointed Dr. James Buntaineexecutive VP and CTO.MiaSole entered solar manufacturingconsulting agreement with Intel.Mitsubishi Chemical developed world’sfirst solution conversion type organicphotovoltaic with 8.5% efficiency and isaiming for 10% efficiency by the end of2011.Nanosolar received long-term supplyagreements for up to 1GW of utility panelsfrom Belectric, EDF Energies Nouvellesand Plain Energy.Natcore established PV research center inRochester, New York.Solar Frontieropened world’s20070712largest CIS solarmodule plant inMiyazaki, Japan.provided solarmodules for1.2 MW solarinstallation at inCoalinga, CA.United Solar isinvesting $4 millionto renovate andadd equipment inLaSalle, Ontario.Thin filmprocessequipment &materialsEmpa and Sefardeveloped a flexibleand transparentwoven polymer forflexible thin filmphotovoltaic solarcells.N a t c o r eTechnology soldits first intelligentantireflectivecoating processingstation to HunanTLNZ SolarTechnology ofXiangtan, China.Solarpro receivedEUR 1 millionorder fromHungarian GreenSolar EquipmentManufacturing forthe delivery of laserequipment usedfor the productionof thin filmphotovoltaic panels.TechPrecisionreceived $400,000CIGS solardepositionequipment orderfrom new Tier-1customer.20110501SEMI & Linx-AEI Consulting 2/11Jon Custer-Topai is vice president of CusterConsulting Group and responsible for thecorporation’s market research and newsanalysis activities. Jon is a member of theIPC and active in the Technology MarketingResearch Council. jon@custerconsulting.comTop 10 PV Equipment Suppliers 2010US$ (Millions)Rank RevenuesCompany 2009 2010 2010Applied Materials 1 1 1495centrotherm photovoltaics 2 2 825GT Solar 4 3 775Meyer Burger 6 4 735Gebr. Schmid 3 5 570Ulvac 7 6 380Roth & Rau 8 7 325RENA Sondermaschinen - 8 30048th Research Institute of CETC - 9 295Oerlikon Solar 5 10 195VLSI Research 3/11Advanced Chemicals & Materials used in PV Solar Cells & ModulesChart 25.Market grew by 114% in 2010 to $6.5 billion (USD) & is projected to grow to $16.9 billion (USD) in 201520110504Global "Purchasing Managers" IndexChart 26.DIFFUSION INDEX6070585660545250EXPANSION50CONTRACTION484046:"The April PMI data signal that global manufacturing hasmoved onto a lower growth plane, with rates of expansion in44 output and new orders cooling further from the sky-high30levels seen around the turn of the year. Growth is still42 above its long-run average, however, and has held up wellconsidering some of the shocks hitting the global economy40so far in 2011. Job creation is also ongoing and2038 international trade volumes still rising." May 3, 20113610343201 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9 111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 911 1 3 503 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11JPMorganChart 27.24 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Intersolar EuropeShow previewIntersolar EuropeOrganizers of Intersolar Europe, scheduled to take place June 8-10, 2011, at the New Munich TradeFair Centre in Munich, Germany, expect more than 2,000 international exhibitors this year, and inlight of such the exhibition will now span a 15 exhibition halls—three more than last year—reachinga total of 165,000 square meters of exhibition space.New this year is the special exhihibtion PV ENERGY WORLD, which will address the possibilities of PVgrid integration, including the feeding of solar power into the public grid and the storing of solar power.In cooperation with the SEMI PV Group, Intersolar Europe 2011 is also once again dedicating a hallentirely to PV production technology.Here is just a small sample of what you’ll find on the 2011 Intersolar Europe show floor:aleo solar—Booth A3.380aleo solar AG will present the new, all-blackaleo S_79 solar module. The premiummodule combines a particularly strikingappearance with elegant design and highoutput: by utilising black monocrystallinecells, black frames and black backingsheets, aleo solar has developed a modulethat integrates harmoniously into anyroof surface. The new module types willbe available not only in Europe but also inAsia and Australia, and the S_79 moduleswill also be distributed in North America.www.aleo-solar.deCentrosolar—Booth A6.280Centrosolar will unveil the Zep system.Zep Solar provides mounting solutionsfor installing photovoltaic systems,enabling modules with a specialized ZepGroove frame to be installed quickly andeasily. Centrosolar will manufacture ZepCompatible modules in its own productionplant in Wismar, Germany. Centrosolar’sZep Compatible modules incorporate agrooved frame, allowing the modules toeasily mate with Zep grounding hardware.This module-integrated design provides adrastic reduction of system componentsand tools as well as the elimination of bulkyrails. www.centrosolar.comDonauer Solartechnik—Booth B5.210Donauer Solartechnik will be presentinga newly developed mounting frame fromits own INTERSOL range: The FuturaSiplex system with snap-in functions.Demonstrations every day at the standwill show just how easy it is to install solarpower systems using the new system. Preassembledcomponents reduce the installa-26 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Analyst buzzin PV systems, and PV-Insider havelaunched the PV Balance of SystemsConference & Expo (Berlin, June 28-28) tohelp the industry tackle the technical BoSchallenges that in the current climate canmake the difference between profit and lossfor your plant. Key topics include:• Case studies on how European plantshave achieved optimal performance• System design considerations thatreduce labor, wiring materials andoverall costs• Component manufactures speakon product reliability, componentcombinations and O&M support foryour plant• How intelligent systems can give youessential performance data and forecastpower output failuresAttendees at the Balance of Systems eventthat took place last November in San Jose(run by the same organizers) commentedthat this event was “extremely valuable ingaining an overall view of engineering andfinancial challenges applicable to optimizingPV BoS,” and others that “the conferencewas a great format to start talking detailsabout how we can truly reduce the overallcost of PV... a win-win opportunity!” TheEuropean event promises to be even morecritical for PV installers and EPCs facedwith substantial challenges in light of theFiT changes.Bringing together key industrystakeholders including EPCs, installers,developers, manufacturers, financers andutilities to meet, learn and do business, thismeeting will zone into every element ofsuccessful Balance of System engineering.Full information is available at www.pv-insider.com/balanceofsystems. •Japan nuclear crisis boostsEuropean Solar MarketsThe earthquake-related nuclear disasterin Japan could prove to be a boon to thephotovoltaic (PV) industry in Germanyand Italy, the world’s two largest solarmarkets, which have become sensitizedto the dangers of a nuclear meltdown,according to new IHS iSuppli research.“Reaction to the Fukushima nuclearcrisis has been swift in Germany andItaly,” said Henning Wicht, senior directorand principal analyst for photovoltaicsystems at IHS. “Germany respondedquickly by shutting down seven of itsoldest reactors, potentially boosting theprospects for renewable energy in thecountry. Meanwhile, Italy indicated itmight upgrade the role of solar within thecountry and accept higher volumes of sunpoweredenergy.”In the wake of the Japanese disaster,debate quickly flared up on an appropriatecourse of action and energy policy inGermany—the world’s largest solarmarket—although some of the responsewas thought to be political posturingand an attempt to influence forthcomingregional elections.By the third quarter, it will be apparentwhether the German government willproceed with a rapid exit path fromnuclear power. Assuming that a decisionto abandon nuclear energy is reached,renewable energy will be promoted evenmore strongly, IHS predicts.Wind dominates current publicdiscussions, but solar energy possibly couldbenefit as well. One possible course ofaction that could benefit the solar industrywould boost the annual PV installationforecast. Germany likely could increase theannual PV installation target for after 2010to 5 GW, up from 3.5 GW now, increasingthe long-term outlook for solar.Solar seasonsDespite potential impacts on the long-termoutlook, PV installations in Germany in2011 still are expected to follow a similarpattern to that of 2010—with the exceptionof a four-week delay this year, becauseprices didn’t fall fast enough to enableinvestment conditions for the Germanmarket to take off. Installation growthwill accelerate in April and then peak inJune, followed by a cooling-down periodin the third quarter. The fourth quarteris expected to be strong again, just beforenew regulations and feed-in tariffs (FIT)are applied in 2012, IHS iSuppli researchindicates.All told, PV installations in Germany in2011 are projected to reach 7.2 (GW), down3.5 percent from 7.4 GW in 2010. Growththis year will oscillate, with moderateexpansions in the first and third quartersalternating with very strong increases inthe second and fourth quarters, as shownin the attached figure.Italy in a bindIn Italy, the second-largest solar market inthe world after Germany, the governmentannounced a hold on all plans for futurenuclear power stations during the next 12months while it re-evaluates the role ofatomic energy for the country.Ironically, this has occurred at a timewhen PV demand in Italy has come to a nearhalt because of the government’s actions.The Italian government’s announcementon March 3—eight days prior to theJapanese disaster—that it would launch anew FIT program with fewer incentivesby early June came as a shock to the localsolar industry, causing installation activityto stop immediately. Solar investors in Italyexpressed concerns about not being able tomeet the end-of-May deadline for any PVinstallations that they were to undertake,for fear of running afoul of the expectednew guidelines. According to unofficialreports, the annual cap would be placed at 1GW, and ground installations on farmlandwould be limited to just 1 megawatt in size.As a result, installation activity thatwas at a significant level in January andFebruary for large Italian solar plantshas all but stopped, and the only projectscontinuing at this point are those that arealmost finished. Meanwhile, resistance tothe government’s new plans has gainedsignificant momentum, even though Romestill has to negotiate the final scheme,expected sometime in mid-April.With both sides at loggerheads, thepressure created by the solar lobby inItaly likely will force the government toreconsider its new plans so that they do notpush through, IHS believes. Furthermore,the Fukushima incident will lead to a newassessment of nuclear and solar energy inthe country. Not including the possibleeffect of the Japan crisis in the months tocome, the Italian PV market is expectedto develop very positively in 2011, with anexpected cap of 1.5 to 2.0 GW from 2012onward.Learn more about the latestdevelopments in the PV industry with theIHS report entitled PV: Navigating a NewRound of Policy Changes. •PV equipment spending of $15.2bn in 2011 at risk from marketdownturnFollowing a year when global photovoltaic(PV) market demand grew 139 percent, PVcell manufacturers have embarked uponaggressive expansion plans in support ofambitious shipment guidance for 2011.Consequently, the scale of expansionsannounced would create a $15.2 billionrevenue opportunity for PV equipmentsuppliers during 2011, an increase of41 percent Y/Y, according to the latestSolarbuzz® PV Equipment Quarterlyreport.30 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Analyst buzzWhile Y/Y growth for c-Si equipmentspending (including ingot, wafer, cell andmodule stages) in 2011 would amount to31 percent, thin-film spending would growby an incredible 71 percent. Underpinningthis thin-film growth is a resurgence ofinvestments in a-Si and CIGS technologies,which account for 78 percent of plannedthin-film capacity expansions.Tier 1 expansions remain dominatedby aggressive schedules announced bypublicly-listed Chinese c-Si producers,followed by cell producers in Taiwan andthin-film leader First Solar. Examplesof revised year-end nameplate capacitytargets include JA Solar to 3 GW, TrinaSolar to 1.9 GW, Neo Solar Power to 1.8GW, and Jinko Solar to 1.5 GW. In thepast 12 months, manufacturers in Chinaand Taiwan accounted for 82% of the $3.6billion revenues allocated to new c-Si cellequipment worldwide.Adding to the c-Si expansion activity,thin-film manufacturing capacity isscheduled to grow by 70 percent betweenQ1’11 and Q1’12, as the second thin-filminvestment cycle draws to a conclusion.Within this period, an incredible 65 thinfilmexpansion phases are projected to beimplemented, with a combined nameplatecapacity of 4.8 GW.According to Finlay Colville, senioranalyst at Solarbuzz, “Fab investmentsduring 2011 are providing opportunitiesfor the PV equipment supply-chain,reflected in tool backlogs at the $1 billionlevel reported during Q1’11 by equipmentleaders Applied Materials, Centrotherm,GT Solar and Meyer Burger. While suppliersof choice to tier-1 manufacturers have beenforced to increase monthly tool shipments,tier-2 c-Si and thin-film investments areoffering significant revenue upside foremerging equipment suppliers.”Capacity expansions are consistentwith leading cell manufacturers guiding2011 shipment growth rates of 55 percent.However, market demand is forecast toincrease by only 12 percent this year, asincentive tariff cuts are implementedacross major European markets. Thisimbalance will have a profound impact onthe equipment supply-chain, starting witha reset of capacity growth plans during2H’11. With tool lead times typically 3-6months, the full impact of these changeswill be felt hardest during 2012.Equipment spending downturn aheadDuring Q1’11, PV equipment spendingreached another quarterly high of $3.7billion. The current PV spending cyclewill peak in Q2’11, followed by a sharpdecline from Q4’11, as the industry resetsits expansion plans to meet the pendingmarket downturn in 2H’11. For leadingequipment suppliers aligned with tier-1expansion phases, this will translate to animmediate decline in new order intake.However, new opportunities will thenemerge for equipment suppliers of nextgenerationfab tools, as high-efficiencyroadmaps are reprioritized. Q-Cellsrecently announced plans to upgradetheir 1.1 GW of cell capacity during 2H’11with front-end rear-side enhancements,providing an early indicator of roadmapdeliverables. High-efficiency c-Si variantsare forecast to comprise 35 percent of allc-Si cell capacity by Q1’12. Acceleratingnext-generation concepts will facilitateadoption rates of new tool types, such asion implanters being championed todayby semiconductor-equipment marketleader Varian Semiconductor EquipmentAssociates.As existing backlogs are shipped during1H’11, strong Q1’11 revenues will beannounced shortly. However, the leadingindicator will be new orders received, asPV producers review their plans for 2012.Further expansion by thin-film entrantswill depend upon the success of initial fabsramped up in 2011 and 2012. However, along queue of hungry investors eyeingup the PV industry will likely keep thisfragmented segment financed for sometime.As the equipment spending cycleapproaches its downturn in 2H’11, newchallenges will emerge for tool suppliers.This is most vividly captured within theUS$750 million segment for PECVDtools used to deposit passivation layersand anti-reflecting coatings during c-Sicell formation. Meyer Burger’s proposedtakeover of Roth and Rau comes ahead ofa likely drop-off in PECVD order intakeas Centrotherm increases its market-share,Jusung Engineering is buoyed up followinga significant win at a top-10 cell producer,and Orbotech’s subsidiary OLT Solarprepares to deliver its first beta-site tool inQ2’11. •New group purchasing modelslashes cost of solar powerAs the solar market in the UnitedStates surpasses $6 billion, a new reportdemonstrates how governments andbusinesses can save money by joiningtogether to buy solar power. The report,“Purchasing Power: Best Practices Guidefor Collaborative Solar Procurement,” wasissued by the World Resources Institute(WRI) and Joint Venture: Silicon ValleyNetwork (Joint Venture) at the U.S.Department of Energy’s Solar AmericaCities Annual Meeting. Collaborative solarpurchasing allows governments, businessesor universities in the same region tocollectively negotiate solar power contracts.The “Purchasing Power” guidepresents an innovative approach to solarpower purchasing that can yield 10 to 15percent lower costs and save 75 percent ofadministrative time and fees, while helpingparticipants negotiate better contract termsto save money in the long run.“This is the ‘Groupon’ model ofsolar purchasing,” said Jenna Goodward,associate, WRI, and co-author of thereport.“It provides the tools smallbusinesses and local governments needto save time and money by flexing theircollective purchasing power. Our goal isto make it easier to buy solar power, helpinterested groups save money, and promotegreater adoption of renewable energynationwide.”The 2011 Solar America Cities AnnualMeeting, April 26-28, 2011, will focuson two themes: reducing key barriers tosolar market penetration and removingadministrative costs and hurdles. The“Purchasing Power” guide providesa straightforward solution to thesechallenges. A 12-step strategy walks publicand private sector users through the processfrom recruiting regional participants toprocurement, to negotiating deals, andfinally to celebrating success.“It is crucial to break down barriersthat keep small businesses and localgovernments from gaining access torenewable energy,” said Rachel Massaro,associate director of Climate Initiatives forJoint Venture and co-author of the report.“The new ‘Purchasing Power’ guide offersan easy-to-follow, 12-step process that canlead to much broader market penetrationfor solar power.”WRI and Joint Venture developed theguide after piloting the first collaborativesolar procurement projects in California.In Santa Clara County, the SiliconValley Collaborative Renewable EnergyProcurement Projectrepresented ninelocal government agencies and 70 solarinstallations across more than 40 locations,totaling more than 14 MW of power atpeak capacity.The “Purchasing Power” model isincreasingly gaining popularity as severalgroups in California and Washington, D.C.begin collaborating toward group solarpurchases. •www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 31

Directing solar energy to storageDirecting solar energyto storageThe latest in the series of UniversityAt Buffalo—NYSERDA DirectedEnergy workshops was on EnergyStorage in Amherst, New York, on May10. The workshop had an excellent slate ofspeakers covering pumped water storage,compressed air storage and the role of theISO (independent service operator) in balancingsupply and demand.Martin Casstevens of Directed Energyand Karen Parysek of Praxair outlinedthe issues of balancing renewable energyresources including solar PV. Load balancingis excruciatingly difficult. Efficiencies ofcoal powered and hydro generation plantsare highest in a relatively small operatingrange. Peaking supply and demand cyclesare both long term and extremely shortterm, and response times for different systemsvary widely with combined cycle naturalgas stations having the fastest response.Nuclear plants have a slow response andcoal plants can only be turned down byabout 40%.Night usage is about 40% of daytimeuse and winter usage is about half ofsummer usage except in Florida duringcold spells, where many houses have electricheating used infrequently. Wind powergenerally peaks at night whereas solar (naturally)peaks during daylight hours.The economic storage limit for batteries,flywheels and super capacitors is generallyless than 10 MW; superconductingmagnets may one day take us to 50 MWbut the only two GW capable technologieson the horizon are pumped water and airstorage.We had presentations on the Niagaraand Blenheim-Gilboa (30 miles south ofAlbany, New York) pumped storage projectsby Joseph Kessler and Brian Saez ofthe New York Power Authority. There areapproximately 40 pumped storage facilitiesin the USA of varying sizes. The NiagaraPower Project pump-generating plant is240 MW (and originally designed to regulatethe flow over Niagara Falls by treatywith Canada), Blenheim-Gilboa is an 1160MW unit with 12000 MWh storage andthe Bath County VA plant is the largest inthe world at 2770 MW. The pumping andregeneration process is about 75% efficientand the turbines have traditionally operatedin a restricted speed range to avoidcavitation damage. New turbine designs byHitachi have widened this range considerablyand upgrades to both turbine systemsare underway. Response time to load atBlenheim-Gilboa is approximately 5 minutes.Karen Parysek of Praxair outlined theproposed Seneca Advanced CompressedAir Energy Storage (CAES) facility nearWatkins Glen, New York, just undergoingfinal environmental and other reviews. Thisis a depleted salt mine which will be filledwith 0.5 billion cubic feet of compressedair at 800-1100 psi pumped using a naturalgas powered compressor plant. Overallefficiency of the compressed air part ofthe storage process is approximately 80%.Initially designed to balance wind generation,this type of storage is also amenableto solar energy storage but depends ongeological availability. There are two compressedenergy plants in existence and afurther one planned. Interestingly, if youdo a little reading on this, compressed airenergy storage on a somewhat smaller scalewas used by cities including Paris in the19th century! Why not liquefied air, with avolume 700 times smaller than compressedair? Higher costs rule this out.Esther Takeuchi of University ofBuffalo outlined the challenges and opportunitiesin battery technology. Surprisinglythe requirements for implantable batteriesand batteries for energy storage are quitesimilar, including long life and high pulse32 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Directing solar energy to storagepower. Lithium air batteries show promisefor high storage density, but as with all batteries,the cost is still too high for volumeuse—in a previous issue we mentionedthat the installation planned in Hawaiiis approximately $1 per watt hour—andthe sheer volume of materials needed forindustrial scale storage and the setting upof a decommissioning and recycling processis daunting.So how is all this power generation,consumption and storage managed withoutfrying the transmission lines? MikeSwider from the New York IndependentService Operator (ISO) outlined the processesand challenges. They run a market tobalance power. Their balancing resourcesinclude battery and flywheel storage. Solarpower is not a big factor in New York Stateyet but wind is, with 1.3 GW installedand another 7 GW proposed. One challengeis the grid layout—typically point topoint rather than a mesh, which is neededwith distributed generation. Market pricescan go negative short term when supplyexceeds demand in spring and fall, encouragingstorage suppliers. In a recent case inthe UK, there was a storm of protest whenwind generators were paid to stop powergeneration because of grid concerns—obviously not the best solution!At the Water Innovations Alliancemeeting in Dayton, Ohio, May 16-17,we also heard from Paul Gagliardo ofAmerican Water how water utilities arenow working with energy utilities to balanceload by timing pumping and otheroperations (water towers, waste treatmentetc). These utilities are big power users andpumps are often oversized to meet peakdemand—so are suitable for intermittentoperation—and this gives another tool forload balancing.So what does this mean for solar PV?It means that a lot of work is being donebehind the scenes to balance the characteristicsof renewable power generation andpower usage. We heard how this is beingdone on a large scale but it is also beingdone on a small scale, with the emergenceof solar powered residential hybrid airconditioner systems as one example. Asour industry develops this work is criticalto the success of future solar PV deployment.New productsNew productsVacuum Solutions from research tomass productionThe full-line vacuum portfolio offeredby Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum supportsall manufacturing processes withincoating and industrialapplications in the rough,medium, high and ultrahighvacuum regime.Pumping technologies, systemsand services include components,standardized systems and fully customizedvacuum solutions.The new, magnetically levitatedturbo molecular pumps TURBOVACMAGiNTEGRA of Oerlikon LeyboldVacuum can do without the space usuallyneeded for a separate frequency converterand provide a compact, flexible design,excellent vacuum performance and a standardizedprogram of accessories.The DRYVAC combines the screwtechnology pumping principle with avery compact design—offering additionaladvantages to the customer. In the standardvertical combination with a RUVAC Rootspump, the footprint at the productionline is minimized. In addition, the pumpcombination can be executed horizontallywhich extremely minimizes the height ofthe system.For research & development purposesand pilot production, the well knownUNIVEX line of universal experimentationPVD vacuum coating systems are availablein configurations of varying chambercapacities utilizing bell jars, stainlesssteel box chambers and cluster tool configurations,UNIVEX is offered with manystandard features and options includinghigh vacuum pump systems, power supplies,PLC, a variety of substrate holders,film thickness and vacuum measurement,cooling & heating systems, feedthroughs,view windows and gas admission. Variousmodels of thermal and electron beamevaporators, DC and RF sputtering sources,organic evaporators and load lock versionsare available. www.oerlikon.com/leyboldHigh-strength frame bonding withinsecondsThe photovoltaic industry is striving toincrease productivity while lowering manufacturingcosts. With a new generationof elastic adhesives and sealants based onsilane-modified polymers, Henkel is nowmaking it possible to attain significantlyhigher process speeds during automatedframe bonding of crystalline solar modules.Unlike conventional adhesive and sealantsystems, the new products Terostat MS500 and Terostat 2K Ultrafast have a highinitial bond strength and thus substantiallyreduce the dwell times in the productionline. Terostat MS 500 even eliminates theContinued on page 35www.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 33

New productssystem with pre-assembled elements andcan be used on all types of roofs.Futura Siplex makes the work on the roofmuch easier for installers. The advantageslie in the flexibility and functionality.Individual components are easily connectedor snapped together.The new Futura Siplex profile clip issuitable for use on tiled roofs. The roofhooks are delivered pre-assembled with theprofile clip, and are mounted on the tiledroof as usual. Afterwards, the installer cansimply press the transverse rail into the preassembledprofile clips - the new clip firmlyholds the transverse rail.In order to connect several transverserails to each other while mounting, theemployees of the Donauer Developmentdepartment developed the Futura Siplexplug connector. The engineers optimizedthe cross-section of the profiles, whichis why the aluminum transverse rails areespecially light, yet have a high load capacity.www.donauer.euHepcoMotion ring tracks enhancethe capture of solar energySuntracking is an important developmentin the efficient generation of renewableenergy and a growing application sector formotion specialists, HepcoMotion®. Its ringsystems are increasingly in demand as theactuators onto which solar panels or mirrorsare mounted to follow the sun.Many installations use fixed cells,where the cells are permanently orientatedtowards the point at which the sunis at its highest position in the sky, providingthe greatest concentration of energy.The downside is that these systems are lessefficient at capturing energy during othertimes of the day.Suntracking is a method that is increasinglybeing adopted to enhance the efficiencyof the solar cell by continuouslyoptimising its position in relation to thesun. The HepcoMotion® ring is used toachieve a pan and tilt arrangement to keepthe cell orientated to the sun as it tracks thesky. www.hepcomotion.comBentek Solar launches several newsolar productsBentek Solar introduces several new solarproducts.Based on the aggressive growth andoverall market acceptance for its solarproducts, Bentek Solar has introduced severalnew solar products for shipment thisquarter. The new extended family of solarproducts accommodates both 600VDC andthe growing 1000VDC marketplace.Bentek Solar’s new solar productsinclude bi-polar combiners and re-combinersfor bi-polar inverters, circuit breakercommercial and utility scale re-combiners,and multiple Disconnect Safety Systems(MDSS and CBSS). www.BentekSolar.comSkyFuel’s Mirror Film lasts thelifetime of solar power plantReflecTech Mirror Film is used in place offragile glass mirrors to lower the cost ofSkyFuel’s parabolic trough concentratingsolar collector. In the solar thermal plantswhere these collectors are installed, thereflectors are expected to last for 25 years.Parabolic trough technology itself is consideredmature, having been in commercialoperation in the Solar Energy GeneratingStations of California’s Mojave Desert since1985. Testing at the National RenewableEnergy Lab confirms that ReflecTech filmmaintains its high specular reflectance for25 years’ equivalent ultraviolet exposure.Development of a robust and low costmirror film, as a key means of reducingthe cost of concentrating solar power, haslong been a goal of the US Department ofEnergy (DOE). The SkyTrough is the first touse ReflecTech® Mirror Film, with the resultof 20-30% cost reduction compared tocompeting parabolic troughs. ReflecTech isoften cited as a model of technology transferfrom publicly funded research to privateindustry. www.SkyFuel.comFirst dedicated electrical test kit forsolar PV installationThe new Seaward Solar Installation PV100is the first dedicated multi-function electricaltester for those involved in solar panelinstallation.The new tester is capable of carryingout all electrical tests required by IEC62446 on grid connected PV systems andeliminates the need for multiple test instrumentsfor PV panel electrical installationand connection.With the push of a single button thenew combination tester carries out therequired sequence of electrical tests in asafe and controlled manner, avoiding therisk of contact with exposed live DC conductors.All required measurements are performedautomatically and displayed clearlywith confirmation of whether the testresults are acceptable. The instrument willalso compare the performance of multiplestrings and indicate whether the open circuitvoltage or short circuit current measurementsdeviate by more than 5 percent.www.seawardsolar.comUnique junction box for silicon wafermodule: Eco-SiYamaichi Electronics has developed a newphotovoltaic junction box for crystallinesolar modules for the Y-Sol® product family,the new, cost-effective Eco-Si J-Box. It alsooffers the advantages of the “HermeticSealed” over molding technology.The Eco-Si junction box is the firstjunction box for photovoltaic modules withan IP protection class of IP68. This permitsthe safe operation of the solar module evenunder the harshest of conditions. This highprotection class was achieved by the consistentuse of the “Hermetic Sealed” technologyintroduced by Yamaichi Electronics.With this technology, the junction box isnot composed of individual “falling parts”.Instead, the cables and electronic of thejunction box are overmolded in a singlehighly efficient work step. This overmoldingprocess gives the junction box its shape andensures absolute freedom from leaks. www.yamaichi.euwww.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 35

Industry newsIndustry newsContinued from page 7SunShot Initiative: U.S. DOEawards USD 112 million to neworganizations to advance PVmanufacturingOn April 5th, 2011 the U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE) announced that it willaward USD 112 million in funding tonewly formed organizations to advancesolar photovoltaic-related manufacturingprocesses throughout the United States,as part of its SunShot Initiative. SunShotAdvanced Manufacturing Partnershipswere awarded to the U.S. PhotovoltaicManufacturing Consortium, the Bay AreaPV Consortium and SVTC Technologies.www.energy.gov/sunshotNew solar module manufacturingplant opens in OntarioSilfab Ontario’s new, fully automatedMississauga manufacturing facility officiallyopens April 18th. The facility isgeared to ramp up to an annual productionof 180 MW solar modules. Theceremony, attended by the HonourableSandra Pupatello, Minister of EconomicDevelopment and Trade, Her WorshipHazel McCallion, the Mayor of Missauga,and other dignitaries as well as 250 industryguests from Ontario and Italy, also celebrated30 years of outstanding photovoltaicachivements of Silfab Ontario’s presidentand CEO Franco Traverso. www.silfab.caPROINSO opens office in GermanyPROINSO has opened a new office in thecity of Munich from which it seeks to furtherstrengthen its presence in the Germanmarket. The company will have a local,highly qualified professional team who arewell experienced in the sector. The delegationwill be led by Erik Woerman. In 2010,the company supplied modules, inverters,trackers and fixed structures in Germanytotaling a turnover of 52 million euros.www.proinso.netEmerson partners with Sanmina-SCIto build solar power inverters forCanadian marketEmerson is entering into a partnershipwith Sanmina-SCI to build innovativeEmerson solar power inverters at Sanmina-SCI’s Ottawa, Ontario, manufacturingfacility. This will enable Emerson to fulfillOntario’s requirement that technologiesused in renewable energy projects be builtin that province. www.Emerson.com, www.sanmina-sci.comGlobal thin film PV market worth$19,422 million in 2015The low cost and optimum efficiency ofthin film photovoltaic cells is driving thegrowth of the thin film PV in overall PVmarket. The global thin film PV marketis expected to grow from $3,406 millionin 2009 to $19,422 million in 2015, at anestimated CAGR of 32.2 percent from2010 to 2015, according to a recent reportfrom MarketsandMarkets, Thin Film PV-Advanced Technologies and Global Market(2008-2015). On the other hand, CIS/CIGSare expected to grow with a maximumCAGR of 43.9 percent from 2010 to 2015.www.marketsandmarkets.comHyundai-Avancis breaks ground fornew CIGS thin film solar moduleplantHyundai-Avancis held a ground-breakingceremony for Korea’s largest copper,indium, gallium, diselenide (CIGS)thin-film solar module plant. Heldin Ochang Foreign Investment Zone,Chungcheongbuk-do, the ceremony wasattended by Saint-Gobain chairman &CEO Pierre-André de Chalendar, HyundaiHeavy chairman Min Keh-sik, and 250government officials and business people.Saint-Gobain and ‘green’ energy providerHyundai Heavy each have invested KRW110 billion in Hyundai-Avancis, bringingthe total investment in the joint ventureto KRW 220 billion ($200m). Hyundai-Avancis plans to complete the high efficencyPV module plant by January 2012and start production from second-half ofthe same year. www.avancis.de/enU.S. Department of Energy awardsfunding to CNSE CIGS Solar ProjectThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)announced a $57 million award toThe College of Nanoscale Science andEngineering (CNSE) at the State Universityof New York at Albany as part of its SunShotAdvanced PV Manufacturing PartnershipsProgram. Veeco Instruments Inc., a providerof equipment for the solar industry,has become a key partner for CNSE onthis project as part of the U.S. PhotovoltaicConsortium The DOE’s SunShot Initiativeaims to reduce the total costs of photovoltaicsolar energy systems by about 75percent so that CIGS (Copper, Indium,Gallium, Selenide) solar is cost competitivewith other forms of energy by the end ofthe decade. www.veeco.comOPEL Solar International directorresignsDavid Slomka, director of OPEL SolarInternational Inc., has resigned from hispost for personal reasons. Slomka, whoresigned on April 30th, served on the boardsince June 2007 and was also the chairmanof the Compensation Committee. Theboard intends to fill the vacancy thus createdat the next scheduled Board Meeting.The board remains committed to its goalof increasing long-term shareholder value.The board continues to be confident in thecompany’s strategy for both its solar businessthat includes greater vertical integration,development of its brownfields initiativeand its burgeoning solar systemsrollout in North America and China and itsPlanar Optoelectronic Technology (POET)device development program.PSERC awarded $5.5 million tomap a new trajectory for the energysystem gridThe Power Systems Energy Research Center(PSERC) has been awarded a $5.5 milliongrant from the Department of Energy toinvestigate requirements for a systematictransformation of today’s electric grid. Thefuture grid needs to support high penetrationsof highly variable distributedenergy resources mixed with large centralgeneration sources, energy storage, andresponsive users equipped with embeddedintelligence and automation. Vijay Vittal,director of PSERC and Ira A. Fulton Chairin Electrical Engineering at Arizona StateUniversity, is leading a multidisciplinary,multi-university team to investigate thesechallenges and to seek solutions to achievethe needed transformation. www.pserc.orgBTU International appoints JackAntounian director of operationsBTU International,Inc. announces theappointment ofJack Antounian asdirector of operations.Antouniancomes to BTU withan impressive backgroundin operations,including LEAN Sigma and DFXexpertise. He is also a two-time recipient ofthe Shingo prize for operational excellence.Prior to joining BTU, Antounian was vicepresident of operations at SEEGRID, a producerof vision-guided, industrial mobilerobots. www.btu.com36 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

Industry newsMeyer Burger acquires a further6.34% of shares in Roth & Rau fromOTB Group B.V.Meyer Burger Technology Ltd. and subsidiariesacquired a further participationof 6.34 percent of the share capital of Roth& Rau AG through a share purchase andshare exchange contract at a price of EUR22 per non-par value bearer share on 20April 2011. With this transaction, the previousmajor shareholder OTB Group B.V.,NL-Eindhoven has sold its entire participationin Roth & Rau AG to Meyer BurgerTechnology Ltd and supports the strategicconsolidation of both companies. In conjunctionwith the contract, Meyer Burgerissued 245,506 new registered shares outof its authorised share capital. The firsttrading day of these shares at SIX SwissExchange is expected to be 26 April 2011.www.meyerburger.com, www.roth-rau.comThomas Utrup joins Solar PowerIndustries as new VP of sales &marketingJohn Wu, CEO of Solar Power Industries(SPI), has announced the appointment ofThomas Utrup as vice president of salesand marketing. Tom joined SPI on March28th, just in time to represent the companyat the PV America Conference & TradeShow in Philadelphia on April 3-5th. Tombrings a wealth of industry knowledge andexperience. His career spans more than25 years with solid sales management andgeneral management expertise; especiallywithin a manufacturing environment likeSPI’s.Global oil giant makes bid forSunPowerFrench oil and gas giant TOTAL SA madea controlling interest investment into solarpower manufacturer SunPower Corp.,valuing the company at around $2.3 billion.The 60 percent investment, which is seen asa validation of the future of solar power asa legitimate alternative energy source, costTOTAL just under $1.4 billion and gives itmajority ownership in the U.S.-based company.Siliken offers 25-year linear powerguaranteePurchasing Siliken modules is nothingshort of a safe bet, thanks to both theirefficiency and their safety. Siliken’s linearguarantee ensures maximum power of itsmodules for 25 years. Such a guarantee isonly provided by a very small number ofmanufacturing companies worldwide. Thisguarantee ensures a 97 percent performancelevel for the module during the firstyear. From the second year through to the25th year the performance of the module isguaranteed with a degradation level of lessthan or equal to 0.7 percent per year. www.siliken.comQsolar receives a $74.5 m letterof intent from Commercial SolarDesign of CaliforniaQsolar Limited has received a letter ofintent from Commercial Solar Design Incof California to purchase solar panels withSpraytek79 Technology totalling 50 MWfor a value of $74.5 million US. The nextstep for the Company to fulfil the letterof intent is to obtain the United States’Underwriters Laboratory (UL) certificationwhich is required to sell product intothe United States. Upon receiving the ULcertification it is expected that CommercialSolar Design will issue a purchase order forthe contracted solar panels. www.commercialsolardesign.comOPDE completes construction of36.43 MW in Spain and Italy in thefirst quarter of 2011The Spanish multinational OPDE builtthroughout the first quarter of 2011 a totalof 36.43 MW in eight farms located inItaly and Spain. For this construction morethan 182 million Euros have been invested.In particular, the new solar photovoltaicplants built and connected by OPDE inthe first quarter of 2011, include: six in theItalian region of Piedmont that will reach26.09 MWp power and two solar farms inSpain (Fontellas in Navarre, and Ecija inSeville) with 8.74 MWp and 1.6 MWp ofpower respectively. www.opdegroup.comOntario helps create up to 200 jobs,building clean energy economyOntario’s economy continues to turn thecorner, attracting up to 200 new solarmanufacturing and related jobs to Torontoas part of a partnership with Samsung.Samsung C&T Corp. and SMA SolarTechnology AG have partnered to buildindustrial-size solar inverters, electricdevices that convert energy produced insolar panels into power that can be used bythe electricity grid, at Celestica’s facilities inToronto.Konarka names new VPKonarka Technologies, Inc. hasnamed Kenneth McCauley as vicepresident—sales, marketing and businessdevelopment. Serving AT&T/LucentMicroelectronics for 21 years, Ken and histeam booked $1 billion in revenue duringhis leadership of the telecom and wirelesscustomer segment. www.konarka.comDow Solar to sponsor solar designcompetitionDow Solar is sponosring an internationalstudent design competition to encouragenew discoveries that can lead to economical,sustainable energy homes that are culturallyadaptable to multiple regions. TheDow Chemical Company Solar DesignCompetition, open to students across theglobe, calls for the design of a buildingcomprising three connected dwellings;each of the dwellings must use active andpassive solar technologies to achieve nearzeroenergy solutions. www.dow.com/competitionwww.globalsolartechnology.comGlobal Solar Technology – June 2011 – 37

TitleInternational diary8-10 June 2011Intersolar EuropeMunich, Germanyintersolar.de14-16 June 2011Solar TaiwanTaipei, Taiwanoptotaiwan.com28-30 June 2011LOPE-CFrankfurt, Germanylope-c.com28-29 June 2011PV Balance of SystemsBerlin, Germanywww.pvinsider.com21-22 July 2011Indian Renewable EnergySectorDelhi, Indianationalenergysummit.com27-29 July 2011PV JapanChiba, Japanpvjapan.org5-9 September 201126th EU PVSECHamburg, Germanyphotovoltaic-conference.com26-28 October 2011Solar Power UKBirmingham, United Kingdomsolarpowerukevents.orgAdvertising contactsEuropeAdela Ploner+49 08131/3669920aploner@globalsolartechnology.comNorth AmericaRon Friedman (print & video products)Tel:+1 (239) 245-9264 x103rfriedman@globalsolartechnology.comSandy Daneau (digital products)Tel: +1 (239) 245-9264 x104sdaneau@globalsolartechnology.comNorth IndiaJaideep Sinha+91 11-9999459633jsinha@trafalgarmedia.comSouth IndiaAmitava Sarkar09379229397asarkar@trafalgarmedia.comSingapore, Malaysia & Hong KongPhilip Lim+65 6552-7388bluocean.admedia@gmail.comChinaChristine Zhang+86 13501203565czhang@globalsolartechnology.comGloabl Solar Technology Volume 3 Number 5 May 2070www.globalsolartechnology.comA prActicAl guide for improvingcrystAlline solAr cell efficienciesthrough firing process optimizAtionsmArt pAckAges for cpv cell devicesAchieving thermAl uniformity inphotovoltAic ApplicAtionsincreAsing solAr pAnel productionefficiencies with Acrylic foAm tApeNews for the Solar Manufacturing IndustryVolume 3 Number 5 May 2010Matt HolzmannInterview insideNEW PRODUCTSINDUSTRY NEWSINTERNATIONAL DIARYGlobal Solar TechnologymagazineKoreaY.J. Park+82 (0)2 3789 688hi@YJPvm.krGloabl Solar Technology Southeast Asia Volume 1 Number 1 Spring 2010www.globalsolartechnology.comSoutheast AsiaCovering India, Thailand, Malaysia,Singapore, The Philippines and Hong KongTransfer prinTing: anemerging Technology for massivelyparallel assemblyconverTing consideraTions for flexiblemaTerialsmaTerials and The growTh of pvTechnologyWe’re growing ChinaSouth East AsiaThe WorldNews for the Solar Manufacturing IndustryVolume 1 Number 1 Spring 2010K SubramanyaColumn InsideNEW PRODUCTSINDUSTRY NEWSINTERNATIONAL DIARY38 – Global Solar Technology – April 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com

AZISCN2011_Global Solar_170x248_EN:Layout 1 29.04.11 10:52 Seite 1December 7–9, 2011China’s International Exhibitionand Conference for the Solar IndustryChina National Convention Center (CNCC)Beijing, China©CNCC250 Exhibitors16,500 sqm Exhibition Space7,500+ Visitorswww.intersolarchina.com

TitleHeraeus PV silver paste.Make your profits rise like the sun.Heraeus’ industry-leading silver pastes are specially formulatedto increase the efficiency, performance and output of your solarcells—while reducing your cost-per-watt. Our front-side pastes arecustomizable by our R&D staff to meet your individual requirements,and we develop several new formulations each year for novelarchitectures, such as MWT, High Sheet Resistance, Selective Emitterand N-Type cells. Our back-side pastes also provide low cost andoptimized adhesion characteristics. With production facilities in Asia,Europe and North America, Heraeus is already increasing capacity tosupply your production needs—whenever and wherever you need us.Visit our booth at these upcoming trade shows:Intersolar EuropeNew Munich Trade Fair Centre • Hall A5, Booth 380June 8 - 10, 2011Intersolar North AmericaMoscone Center West • Level 3, Booth 9357July 12 - 14, 2011Heraeus PV Business Unitwww.pvsilverpaste.com+1 610-825-6050www.pvsilverpaste.compv.techservice@heraeus.com40 – Global Solar Technology – June 2011 www.globalsolartechnology.com