Movement Activity and Strategic Design Study for Istanbul's ...

Movement Activity and Strategic Design Study for Istanbul’s Historical 

Galata District 

Abstract 

Ayse Sema Kubat, Özhan Ertekin, Engin Eyüboglu, Özlem Özer 

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey 

kubat@itu.edu.tr 

This study is based on a research project on the field of urban regeneration of the old 

historical region of Istanbul named Galata, where the Golden Horn meets the Bosphorus. 

The district, which is accepted as a part of the world’s cultural heritage, has a history 

bearing the architectural, cultural and religious traces of Genovese, Byzantine and Ottoman 

civilizations. In spite of the active pattern in the south and in the north, Galata 

is a blighted area stuck between these regions. Although Galata has to play a significant 

role by both its location in Istanbul and its history, the area has been losing its value 

rapidly. The area is continuously destroyed because of the lack of care and also due to 

user’s damage. There is a need for new researches and proposals in order to find out the 

reasons for the physical and social collapse of the region. 

The study has adopted the basic concepts and methods of Space Syntax to develop a 

regeneration strategy for Galata by: 

• Objectively analyzing the urban form of Galata and measuring levels of spatial 

integration within the local and wider urban context, 

• Gathering objective data on people’s activities, especially the patterns of everyday 

pedestrian movement and space use, 

• Analyzing the relation between urban form and the pattern of movement and space 

use, 

• Studying the patterns of land use and building use in the historic core of Galata, 

• Generating strategic design proposals, which enhance the physical connections with 

the surroundings and integrate people with new and existing facilities, 

• Accessing the likely effects of design proposals on pedestrian activity, and the likely 

effects of this on the wider process of regeneration. 

Through an objective assessment of the problems and constraints of the historic core 

the Space Syntax study has identified possible physical design solutions, which could 

enhance the functioning of the historic, and decrease its isolation from the rest of the town 

center. The fundamental aim in these proposals is to turn what is currently an unpleasant, 

derelict area to a new active zone without losing its historical character. Thus the historic 

core of Galata would have a better opportunity of attracting activity, investment and 

socio-economic gain. In return, the historic core would provide a key attraction and a 

focal point of heritage and identity within Galata, which would consequently influence 

other parts of the town center and benefit the wider Istanbul context. 

It’s believed that this project will contribute modern trends and draw lessons for future 

policy and practice.

566 A. S. Kubat, Ö. Ertekin, E. Eyüboglu, Ö. Özer. 

Figure 281: Arial view of Galata. 

1. Introduction 

Ferryboats sail to and from the ports around and under the Galata Bridge, connecting 

the center of the city to its maritime suburbs on the Bosphorus and Mediterranean. A 

stream of pedestrian and vehicular traffic pours across the Galata Bridge and along the 

highways that parallels the right and left banks of the Golden Horn (Figure 281). 

However, instead of being a focus for pedestrian activity in the area, the spaces in the 

Galata area are largely empty for most of the day, thus creating the area dangerous for 

pedestrians. As a consequence, business, shopping and entertainment activities facing the 

streets of the area have had difficulty in trading which do not seem from their “central” 

location. Despite the lively neighborhood, Galata remains disjointed and rigidly separated 

according to the land-use, and this historical site of Istanbul is in the process of deterioration. 

It is exactly this imbalance between the neighboring areas that the “Space Syntax” 

study has aimed to redress. This study is supported by the Greater City Municipality of 

Istanbul and Urban & Environmental Planning & Research Center of Istanbul Technical 

University. The project group, Dr. Kayvan Karimi and Tim Stonor as consultants of Space 

Syntax Ltd. and Space Syntax laboratory of UCL, are commissioned to undertake a Space 

Syntax study of urban form and pedestrian activity and to develop planning and design 

proposals for Galata.

Movement Activity and Strategic Design Study for Istanbul’s 

Historical Galata District 567 

2. Aim 

The fundamental aim of the project that is subject to this paper is rehabilitation and 

transformation of the historic Galata which is a part of Istanbul’s CBD, while providing 

a proper relationship of spatial layout and structural network within the metropolitan 

city. Following matters are taken into consideration to benefit from a model that explains 

human settlements through human behavior: 

• To turn what is currently an unpleasant, derelict area to a new active zone without 

losing its historical character and making the historical Galata a part of the activity 

center, as well a “live center”; 

• Integrating Galata with the spatial structure of the whole city and increasing its 

relations with the other parts of the city, especially with the larger city centers such 

as Besiktas, Taksim, Sisli and so on; 

• To increase vitality and to create an economically productive historic core without 

harming the traditional character of the city; 

• To turn out the north-south link to a well-used route between the Beyoglu - Pera 

and Karakoy waterfront area; 

• To recreate and strengthen a continuance of Istiklal Street between Galata Square 

and Galata Bridge; 

• To give new functions to the main street lined with historical facades, namely “Hendek 

Street” which is opening to a piazza where Galata tower, is located; 

• To create a pedestrian link between the underground station and the Galata Tower, 

which is one of the landmarks of Istanbul 

• To prepare a renewal project for creating attractiveness in the site by using the 

historical features of Galata. 

3. Study area 

Throughout history, Galata bridges have always connected the two shores of the Golden 

Horn. Galata is 1300m from Taksim Square, which is accepted as the center of Beyoglu 

and Pera, and also the hub of the modern town. Thus Galata Bridge plays an important 

role by connecting old Istanbul (Eminonu District) to the new (Karakoy and Beyoglu 

districts). Karakoy Port is connected to the Tunel Square by an underground rail system, 

which is one of the oldest in the world. At one end of the Galata Bridge there is Eminonu, 

which is the focal point of Istanbul’s colorful daily life and at the other end Karakoy, 

which is popular because of commercial and banking facilities. The main street lined with 

historical facades, namely “Hendek Street” is opening to a piazza where Galata Tower is 

located. The Galata Tower is one of the landmarks that were built by the Genoese in 1348 

and the apex of the Genovese fortifications of medieval Galata.


4. Methodology 

The movement patterns of the historical Galata region of Istanbul, which has been shaped 

under various cultures, and which is still the commercial core of Istanbul, will be defined 

through the method of “space syntax”, which analyses the global forms of the settlements 

by mathematical interpretations. 

Space Syntax is a technique that can be used for morphological analyses of buildings, 

architectural plans, urban areas and urban plans. Space syntax is also one of the few 

theories which allow us to understand how culture and society are embedded in the specific 

relational patterns constituting architecture, urban design and urban planning. 

The Space Syntax study of Galata’s historic core has generated a multi-level, electronic 

database of urban form and function, containing: axial maps, spatial integration and 

movement pattern. 

5. Analysis 

5.1. Spatial Maps 

Besides historical documents, the traditional surveys for analyzing the project area are 

prepared. These surveys have been complemented by preparing “a spatial model” of Galata 

explaining the existing structure. These syntactic maps can give some idea on the accessibility 

of pedestrian linkages through the area. This work on syntactic analyses has shown 

that; Voyvoda and Kemeralti streets are the most spatially integrated lines in historical 

Galata, and Hendek Street is the next most integrated street. 

When Taksim square is included in the analyses; Istiklal Street, which is the busiest 

street, is defined as the most spatially integrated lines. The effects of pedestrian movements 

in Persembe Pazari, on Bankalar Street and on the Karakoy port are not defined as 

integrated spaces on this map. 

The streets and spaces, which are close to the Karakoy, Eminonu ports and the Galata 

Bridge, are explained as the focus of the activity areas, which define the actual situation 

of the site. The spine of Beyoglu-Pera district, Istiklal Street, which is a pedestrian strip, 

is defined as the next most integrated lines. 

5.2. Pedestrian Movement Analyses 

The first stage of the study is concentrated on the observations of how people and vehicles 

are flowing through the Galata area at present. This has been done by counting flow rates 

at numerous locations in and around Galata; ’tracking’ pedestrian routes across the area 

and recording local land use patterns. A survey of pedestrian activity has been carried 

out both in weekday and weekends for five different categories of people (adult men, adult 

women, elderly, teenagers, and children). Pedestrian movement levels were recorded at 263 

locations on eight different regions due to the functions. The observations were carried 

out on 29 May 2003 and on 31 May 2003. Each location was observed from 08:00 to 20:00. 

Some significant findings are: 

1. The study area is a man-dominant area (about half of the overall movement is 

generated by men). This becomes more evident on weekday. 

2. There are more than 1.500.000 people in the area during the day (weekday). The 

number is about 1.100.000 on weekend.



3. The max. movement is in the afternoon both on weekday and weekend. 

5.3. Pedestrian Activity Schemas 

In order to have an opinion of the most commonly used routes, pedestrians have been followed 

and their routes have been recorded. The pedestrians are recorded in two categories: 

inhabitants and tourists. 

Relations between Pedestrian Movement and the Spatial Configuration are examined in 

order to understand the actual movement potentials of the site and also to test the design 

proposal. Although the movement analyses have covered most street segments in the study 

area, these records give only the number of pedestrians; they don’t give any information 

about the routes of the movement. In order to get this information, “pedestrian tracking” 

study has been carried out. The routes of the pedestrians who have entered the area from 

specific gates like port, subway or bus station have been recorded on the base map of the 

area. Analyzing followings do not only test the results of the movement analyses, but they 

also give an idea about which side of a walkway is used more frequently. The observations 

allow us to classify the results according to gender and time period. 

The pattern that is generated by the inhabitants is found very similar with the pattern 

of the spatial integration analyses (Figure 282). The intense movement pattern on Istiklal 

Street, Kadikoy Port, Bankalar Street, hardware stores region, Kemeralti Street and 

Sishane Square clearly designates this similarity. There are also differences such as the 

movement on Yolcuzade Iskender Street and on Mesrutiyet Street. This situation reflects 

the effect of the land uses on the movement activities. 

The movement pattern of the tourists is different then the inhabitants’ and the movement 

pattern is also independent from the land uses of the site (Figure 283). The beginning 

and ending points of their routes are the places, which are more attractive for the tourists, 

such as Istiklal Street, Eminonu region or Galata Tower. Even though there is a northsouth 

movement in the area, the movement generally stems from Istiklal Street. There are 

two common routes; 1. Taksim - Galata Tower and its surroundings - Taksim; 2. Eminonu 

- Galata Tower and its surroundings - Eminonu. 

5.4. Relations between Pedestrian Movement and the Spatial Configuration 

In this study, the area was examined in 7 different regions, which were determined according 

to their functions. 

Even though the study area is stinted with Galata Tower, its surroundings and 

Hendek Street; in order to analyze the effects of the movement patterns on the 

area, spatial integration analyses of Whole Galata, Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata, Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata+Eminonu 

and Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata+Historical Peninsula, 

have been made. 

But, only the data of the analysis that comprehends Galata area and Taksim+Tarlabasi+Galata 

area have been used to study the relation between the spatial 

integration values and the current movement levels. The data of 165 street segments have 

been used. In calculating this correlation, when the correlation number was lower than 

desired, its reasons have been analyzed with the results of the regression analyses, then a 

statistical method that depends on ignoring the values that are out of the min. and max. 

limits (standard deviation), has been carried out.


Figure 282: Pedestrian Activity Schemas for inhabitants 

Figure 283: Pedestrian Activity Schemas for tourists



5.5. Results of the Analyses 

As a result of the analyses these basic remarks can be pointed out: 

• In historical periods there were strong connections between Galata Square and the 

ports, which can also be seen in historical maps. Currently, these links have been 

disappeared. 

• The center of activity has shifted from the historical core of Galata, towards Istiklal 

Street in the north and Karakoy Port in the south. 

• The streets where mostly commercial and finance functions are located, are defined 

to have the highest spatial integration values in the area. Hendek Street, which has 

offices and service function on the ground floors and mostly residential use on upper 

floors, is secondary when it is evaluated with the movement it attracts. 

• The movement pattern of Galata is so weak that it nearly separates the Karakoy 

and Istiklal Street regions 

• In Galata region, especially on and around Hendek Street the levels of movement 

are very low. 

• Although Galata is near the areas that have banking, office, service, retail functions 

and the seashore, it is very segregated from those areas, in means of both visual and 

physical contact. 

• The movement in Galata region mostly depends on daily trips in the areas where 

retail and finance functions are located. 

• On weekday there is a noticeably high pedestrian movement that stems from expertise, 

(e.g., lighting accessories stores). 

• Significant design decisions should be made in order to attract movement towards 

Galata region (from Istiklal and Galip Dede streets). 

• Although the movement rates that have been generated by the Karakoy Port are 

very high, the spatial model of the port area seems to be weak to carry that much 

movement. So, it can be said that the location of the Karakoy Port is wrong and a 

new port area needs to be designed with sufficient capacity to collect and distribute 

the pedestrian movement. 

• Geometrical arrangements about existing vehicle+pedestrian axes that lead to 

Karakoy Square should be made, in favor of pedestrians. 

• According to the observations, Galip Dede and Yuksek Kaldirim streets, which connect 

Istiklal Street and Karakoy Square, have high movement levels both on weekday 

and on weekend. This shows that, these streets have great importance as being a 

spine in the area. This feature, which hadn’t been determined in the spatial integration 

analyses, is a sufficient reason to make significant design decisions to link 

Istiklal Street and Karakoy Square efficiently.


6. Design Approaches towards a Spatial Regeneration Process and Evaluation 

6.1. The Application of Space Syntax on the Design Proposal 

Analysis of the pedestrian route system through the Galata larger area highlighted an 

imbalance between the northern and southern parts of Galata. The different aspects of 

the Space Syntax analyses of the existing structure have shown that the historical Galata 

is not working together with Karakoy and Beyoglu districts. The following strategic and 

spatial problems have been identified with regard to the historical core: 

• The historical Galata is metrically close to the current live center of Istanbul, but it 

is isolated in terms of spatial configuration. 

• None of the major streams of movement penetrate into the historical core, 

• The historical core is visible but not accessible from the active parts of the town, 

• The visual and physical linkages between the Galata historic area and the neighboring 

areas, especially the entrance on the Karakoy ports, are very poor, 

• There is no major attraction to the northern end of the historical Galata to provide 

destination for people from either the retail-led live strip (Istiklal Street) or the 

Karakoy ports and the parks at the seaside. 

• In the vehicular roads around the historical Galata, pedestrian crossings have been 

poorly located and designed, 

• There is a high rate of vacancy inside the historical core. In addition, the retail 

activity (or other activity) is not active inside the Historical Galata. 

6.2. Assessment of Design Proposals 

One of the key merits of “Space Syntax” analyses is its ability to analyze design proposals 

and objectively assess them by measuring the likely effects of spatial changes on social, 

economic and environmental activity. 

A strategic design framework has been developed for the historic Galata, old core of 

Istanbul, which includes ideas for each of the two pedestrian axes of development but 

focuses principally on the key problematic points listed above. 

In this section some of the Space Syntax design proposals are analyzed and compared 

with the existing situation in Galata. Space Syntax measures of “spatial integration” are 

used to measure the degree of change that our proposal creates in different scales (Figures 

284-287). The changes have been described in terms of percentage gains when compared 

to existing measures of spatial integration. These percentages signify gains in “pedestrian 

movement potentials”. 

Four design ideas have been chosen for this study; 1) creation of a new link between 

Galata and Karakoy ports, 2) transformation of the Hendek street and connecting it to the 

western border of the area, namely to the Kasimpasa district, 3) opening up the eastern 

end of the Hendek street and linking it to the Yuksek Kaldirim street which also enables 

the connection to the Karakoy, and 4) creation of a new link on the northern side and 

between Sishane Square and Istiklal Street through Tunel Square. 

The results of the syntactic analyses suggest that, four of these design ideas complement 

each other and need to be implemented in tandem.



Figure 284: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata (Local) 

Figure 285: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim (Local)


Figure 286: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim - Eminonu (Local) 

Figure 287: Spatial Integration Analyses of Galata - Taksim - Eminonu - Fatih (Local)



7. Conclusion: Final Decisions on the Regeneration, Transformation and Design 

Framework for Galata District 

Space syntax has evolved a spatial redevelopment plan for Galata’s historical core which 

aims to create a larger and unified live center by improving physical connections between 

the two important parts of Istanbul’s town center. It uses the spatial potentials of each 

area to positively influence the rest of the town center. This strategic plan is based on the 

following principles under these headings; 

• Transportation 

• Land-use and transformation 

• Significant design solutions 

By achieving these principles a larger “live center” is created for Galata, which incorporates 

all major zones of activity. The historic core becomes an integrated part of 

this new live center, with a better chance of being used, enhanced and regenerated. A 

well-used, safe and pleasant historic core would not only create an essential attraction for 

the whole of the city center, but also enhances the social and economic status of the town 

as a whole. 

7.1. Transportation 

Transport connections within the Galata area have been analyzed in terms of the likely 

effect they will have on pedestrian activity patterns. Thus the two pedestrian axes are 

created; one connecting Galata tower to the underground station and to the Kasimpasa 

mix-uses zone (Hendek Street); the other connecting Istiklal Street - the commercial strip 

to the Karakoy square and to the ports (Galip Dede and Yuksek Kaldirim Streets). Yuksek 

Kaldirim Street is proposed to be pedestrian. The Galata Square with its tower is in 

the intersection point of these two pedestrian main axes. The extension of the Hendek 

pedestrian street creates a link between Galata tower and the Kasimpasa zone of mixed 

activities. 

To ensure the sufficient number of pedestrians for the ’live’ historical core, the transportation 

facilities below are created; 

The area can easily be accessed by all means of transport. 

The various public transport nodes are well connected to each other and to the Galata 

area as a whole. 

The transport roads and the car parks are located around Galata in a balanced manner. 

7.2. Land-use and transformation 

The spatial configuration and land uses of the proposed scheme work hand in hand to 

create a locally distinctive but globally integrated and accessible development, with consequent 

social and economic benefits. The distribution of land-uses within the site addresses 

the anticipated activity patterns derived from the model, so that pedestrian-sensitive, 

’live’ uses (such as retail, catering and local services) line the most accessible routes. The 

Hendek Street with a higher potential to attract pedestrian movement is lined with “live” 

uses for the most parts, which works well with its spatial role. This land-use distribution is 

beneficial for those occupying the ground floor units and for pedestrians passing through


and using the area. On the other hand residential uses are located in the upper levels of 

the buildings or in the areas with lower integration values and, therefore, lower potentials 

to attract through movement. Following this same strategy, the proposed “special development 

project zones” and the mix land-use zones are located in the close neighboring of 

the Galata core, to support and utilize the anticipated high levels of activity there. 

The waterfront area is transformed into a pedestrian-friendly, well used urban space 

enriched with green areas, cultural activities, and linked with the Galata Port Project on 

the east and Persembe Pazari project on the east of the seaside zone. It is also proposed 

to create visual and physical pedestrian links in between the seaside and the core of 

the Galata. Enhancing the north-south links between the Galata core and the seaside 

development area as well as enhancing the existing link from Galata to the commercial 

strip namely Istiklal Street will be essential as this enhancement and will also encourage 

people using the ports to enter and navigate the historical core. 

7.3. Significant design solutions 

7.3.1. A bridge from Tunel to Sishane 

The existing bridge connection from Tunel Square to historical Municipality building can 

be used as an entrance to the Sishane Square. This can be created by converting and 

redesigning the old Municipality building to socio-cultural activity. This can be another 

alternative for the high pedestrian flows of Istiklal Street to reach the Hendek Street. 

7.3.2. A proposal for the link between Galata Square and Yuksek Kaldirim Street, opening 

a window from Galata to Karakoy 

An important new link from Hendek Street to the Yuksek Kaldirim Street is created 

despite of their height differences. This new link aims to construct an internal spine for 

the Galata core area and reintegrate it to the existing center of activity. The alignment 

of the new link with the Galata Square enables it to benefit from the existing high levels 

of pedestrian movements there. The development of this new link however, has to be 

accompanied by the development of a new cultural, social, tourism, and leisure activity 

zone in order to create an attraction “pole” at this location. The pedestrianised Yuksek 

Kaldirim street and the Karakoy port in its extension is a potential which will provide 

the main pedestrian flow of such a destination. 

The central element of the design proposals is the extension of the Hendek Street, 

both to the north and south, to create a new pedestrian route between Kasimpasa zone 

to the Yuksek Kaldirim Street. The creation of this link involves a number of careful 

physical transformations, which require further analysis. These changes, however, are close 

to “conservative surgery” of the historical core than radical transformation of the urban 

fabric. The idea here is to gain maximum benefit from a minimal change. 

The optimal alignment of Hendek Street has been established and tested using the 

findings of Space Syntax study. This alignment creates a direct line of sight and access 

from Hendek Street to the Yuksek Kaldirim Street (Figure 288). The Kasimpasa zone, the 

underground station, Yuksek Kaldirim and the ports are all connected by this alignment. 

A considerable design approach is proposed by opening up the ground floor of the 

building/s or the urban fabric and transforming it to a public passageway (Figure ??). 

This design appears in principal to resolve the problem of access without damaging the 

structure or the facade of the listed buildings. Further architectural work is required for



Figure 288: LEFT: Connection between Hendek Street - Galata Square and Yuksek 

Kaldirim Street. RIGHT: A Passage from Galata to Karakoy 

this link as there is a considerable height differences between the Galata Square and the 

Yuksek Kaldirim Street. An elevator or ramps on the intersection of these two streets 

(namely Hendek and Yuksek Kaldirim) can be proposed. 

7.3.3. Design of the Galata Square as a major public square 

The main public space of Galata; with its tower which is the apex of the Genoese fortification 

of medieval Galata, is located at one end of the Hendek street, responds to the 

previously discussed issue of pedestrian orientation and navigation by integrating this 

space within the network of key public spaces. 

It is known that, the quality of the public spaces and squares reflect the success of 

the urban centers. The degree, to which spaces are both well used and pleasant, is largely 

influenced by their location within the pedestrian movement network. 

7.3.4. Gates for Galata 

Attractive gates are proposed to create the accessibility for the site. 

Gate1, is for the pedestrians entering historical Galata from Metro stations and Sishane 

Square which is on the axis of Hendek Street and gives a visual contact with Galata Tower. 

Gate 2, is the entrance from Tunel Square which is the end of Istiklal Street. 

Gate 3, is especially for the pedestrians using Karakoy Square. 

Gate 4, is for the people approaching to Galata by sea ways. 

8. Concluding Remarks 

Galata is at a very important stage in its historic development. Besides the historical 

landscape, which should be preserved, various number and scale of development projects 

such as ’Galata Dock Project’ and ’urban design projects for the waterfront area’ or 

other large-scale ’development projects’, should be encouraged for its successful social 

and economic performance.


The critical economic mass of leisure and retailing must be brought together in a 

way as to generate parallel social gains, thus Galata as a part of Istanbul’s city center 

and is not just retail and touristy market, but also a place of social and civic importance. 

Galata requires a carefully planned framework of public spaces and pedestrian connections, 

together forming the public realm of the historical center of Istanbul. If this essential 

infrastructure is not provided new developments it will risk turning their backs on each 

other and acting as stand-alone facilities. To handle the strategy properly, the synergy 

between individual projects is created, and people are allowed to flow easily between 

them. In other words, to handle public realm properly, rich pedestrian connections are 

created in Galata, more inter-accessibility is allowed and thus the risk of social stagnation 

is removed. 

In conclusion, we are convinced from our analyses that Galata has much significant 

potential to be sensitively developed as a place that is people-focused, connected, inclusive 

and integrated, and that can radically enhance the social, economic and environmental 

quality of the wider Istanbul metropolitan area. This can be achieved through a coordinated 

implementation of an agreed planning policy, based on an integrated spatial master 

plan, the basis of which outlined briefly in this paper. 

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