Avocado Production in Asia and the Pacific - United Nations in ...

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AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN CHINA Liu Kangde and Zhou Jiannan * 1. INTRODUCTION China has some 80 years history of avocado introduction and trial planting. Avocado was first introduced into Taiwan in 1918 and then into Guangdong in 1925. Nowadays, avocado is reported to be successfully planted on a trial basis in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guizhou, etc. (Cai, Liu, et al., 1998). The avocados cultivated in China were generally the progenies of some unselected poor-quality seedlings of unknown origin. It was not until 1985 that high yielding varieties of avocado such as Hass were introduced for trial planting by the Guangxi Bureau of State Farms, etc. Collection, introduction and selection of avocado has been conducted by the College of Agronomy, South China University of Tropical Agriculture, since 1986 and more than 80 varieties have been selected. Huang Wenzhen and Liu Kangde established a 33.3 ha experimental plot of avocado and a nursery in Baisa County, Hainan, in 1989, to determine commercial cultural techniques (Liu, Zhang, et al., 1993). 2. PRESENT SITUATION OF AVOCADO CULTIVATION Avocado is grown in Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou, Fujian, Zhejiang (Wenzhou city) and Sichuan (Panzhihua city) in China. There has been no sizeable commercial production up to now due to various reasons. The largest tract of cultivation in China is the avocado base in Baisa County, Hainan, covering 33.3 ha. Guangxi has the largest area with scattered avocados. Prof. He Guoqiang, Guangxi Staff University of State Farms, reported that Guangxi used to grow 133 ha of avocado in more than 50 counties/cities, of which 66 ha were under commercial production; the largest avocado orchard was in the Shanyu State Farm, covering 20 ha. Commercial production of avocado is just at the early stage and the planting area is very limited. No data on avocado is available in the local statistical yearbooks. Avocado sets flowers after 2-3 years of planting and yields 35-103.5 kg/tree at the age of 7-8 years, according to the reports of trials in different locations. The total area under avocado cultivation in China was estimated to be 133 ha in 1998 with a production of around 1,000 tonnes. Most avocados planted before 1985 were seedlings, and budded and grafted plants of desired varieties have been used only in the last ten years. To date, China has selected more than 70 avocado varieties and more than 10 elite lines. Some of the commercial varieties such as Lula, Pollock, Booth 7, Booth 8, and the local variety ST 3 , have good performance in Hainan and other provinces. The varieties used in trials, at present, are indicated in Table 1. * Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China. 15
Table 1. Major Avocado Varieties Used in Trials Race Varieties Remarks Mexican race Bacon, Zutano, Duke, Mexicola Trial in Hainan Guatemalan race Hass, Nabal, Reed, Taylor, Linda >> West Indian race Pollock, Sharwil, Murashige >> Hybrids Fuerte, Lula, Booth 7, Booth 8, Hall >> Local selections ST 3 , ST 6 , ST 9 , S 10 >> 3. PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIALS - NURSERIES There were no state-owned commercial nurseries in China until recent years. Generally, nursery plants were raised privately by the farmers in state farms. It is since the late 1980s that commercial nurseries have been established separately by the South China University of Tropical Agriculture and the Guangxi Staff University of State Farms, and provide high-quality planting material, mainly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi. Planting materials used in China are generally polyethylene bag-raised seedlings and budded and grafted plants. Polyethylene bag seedlings were the major planting material before 1985, and polyethylene bag budded and grafted plants have been commonly used since the 1980s. Bare-rooted nursery seedlings have a low success rate of survival and, basically, are not used for planting commercially. The commonly used vegetative propagation methods include patch-budding, cleftgrafting and side-grafting. Thirty-day-old seedlings are used as stocks for cleft-grafting and satisfactory results are obtained. The grafted plants are ready for planting out after 6-9 months of seed germination, when they grow 50-60 cm high. This mini stock-grafting method shortens the propagation duration by one year as compared to the patch-budding of polybag older stocks. 4. ESTABLISHMENT OF ORCHARDS Orchards are usually established on gently sloping land with loose soil and good drainage. In areas with strong wind, orchards should be set up against the wind, and windbreaks are necessary. In areas prone to cold injury, orchards are set up on gently-sloping land towards the sun but against wind. Mechanical cultivation is generally practised after slashing and clearing on the gently sloping waste land. Terracing or benching is necessary on the sloping land. Planting season Avocado is planted out all the year round in Hainan if irrigation is available. In the cold areas of the mainland the plants are planted between the warm spring and the autumn, prior to the end of the wet season. 16
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2000/09 AVOCADO PR
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ii
Page 6 and 7: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Minas K. Papad
Page 8 and 9: WELCOME ADDRESS Prem Nath * It is a
Page 10 and 11: AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN AUSTRALIA Ant
Page 12 and 13: cultivar of the Guatemalan race and
Page 14 and 15: is good practice to cover the one s
Page 16 and 17: Australia. As it migrates into orch
Page 18 and 19: 8. POTENTIAL FOR AVOCADO PRODUCTION
Page 22 and 23: Spacing The spacing varies with cli
Page 24 and 25: attacking young trees in Hainan. It
Page 26 and 27: 8. POTENTIAL FOR AVOCADO PRODUCTION
Page 28 and 29: will have a great potential market
Page 30 and 31: 2. PRESENT SITUATION OF AVOCADO CUL
Page 32 and 33: 4. ESTABLISHMENT OF ORCHARDS If an
Page 34 and 35: 7. POST-HARVEST HANDLING, STORAGE A
Page 36 and 37: AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN INDONESIA Sri
Page 38 and 39: 3. PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL
Page 40 and 41: 9. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PLANS FO
Page 42 and 43: The avocado trees grown are all see
Page 44 and 45: AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPIN
Page 46 and 47: 227: The fruit is bottlenecked and
Page 48 and 49: Weeding and mulching Mulching of av
Page 50 and 51: Firstly, the avocado can be found g
Page 52 and 53: Table 2. Research Projects/Studies
Page 54 and 55: AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN SRI LANKA Mos
Page 56 and 57: 3. PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL
Page 58 and 59: compost and cattle manure is the we
Page 60 and 61: 9. CONSTRAINTS IN AVOCADO PRODUCTIO
Page 62 and 63: AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN THAILAND Chal
Page 64 and 65: 4.3 Planting Planting is carried ou
Page 66 and 67: Table 1. Fruit Characteristics of S
Page 68 and 69: Royal Project Foundation helps avoc
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AVOCADO PRODUCTION IN VIETNAM Nguye
Page 72 and 73:
Though avocado was introduced into
Page 74 and 75:
Table 3. Rate of Fertilizer Use in
Page 76 and 77:
without grading. To avoid partly th
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