Medical <strong>and</strong> Health Consequences of <strong>Marijuana</strong> 249 REFERENCES 1. 2004 World Drug Report, United Nations, Office of Drugs <strong>and</strong> Crime. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 2. Substance Abuse <strong>and</strong> Mental Health Services Administration (2004) National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Main Findings, 2004, Rockville, MD, US Department of Health <strong>and</strong> Human Services. 3. Wagner, F. A. <strong>and</strong> Anthony, J. C. (2002) From first drug use to drug dependence: developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, <strong>and</strong> alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology 26, 479–488. 4. 2003 Monitoring <strong>the</strong> Future, National Survey Results on Drug Use, National Institutes of Health, Department of health <strong>and</strong> Human Services; conducted by <strong>the</strong> University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Be<strong>the</strong>sda, Maryl<strong>and</strong>. The latest data are available at www.drugabuse.gov. 5. Chen, K. <strong>and</strong> K<strong>and</strong>el, D. B. (1998) Predictors of cessation of marijuana use: an event history analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 50(2), 109–121. 6. Khalsa, J., Genser, S., Francis, H., <strong>and</strong> Martin, B. R. (2002) Medical <strong>and</strong> health consequences of marijuana. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 7s–10s. 7. Mechoulam, R., Parker, L. A., <strong>and</strong> Gallily, R. (2002) Cannabidiol: An over view of some pharmacological aspects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 11s–19s. 8. Hall, W., Solowij, N., <strong>and</strong> Lemon, J. (1994) The health <strong>and</strong> psychological consequences of cannabis use, National Drug Strategy Monograph Series no.25, Canberra; Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994. 9. Hall, W. <strong>and</strong> Solowij, N. (1998) Adverse effects of cannabis use. Lancet 352, 1611–1616. 10. Munson, A. E. <strong>and</strong> Fehr, K. O. (1983) Immunological effects of cannabis, in Cannabis <strong>and</strong> Health Hazards, (Fehr K. O. <strong>and</strong> Kalant H., eds.), Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Canada, pp. 257–253. 11. Hollister, L.E. (1992) <strong>Marijuana</strong> <strong>and</strong> immunity. J. Psychoactive Drugs. 24, 159–164. 12. Coates, R. A., Farewell, V. T., Raboud, J., et al. (1990) Cofactors of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of male sexual contacts of men with human immunodeficiency virus disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 132, 717–722. 13. Kaslow, R. A., Blackwelder, W. C., Ostrow, D. G., et al. (1989) No evidence for a role of alcohol or o<strong>the</strong>r psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals. A report from <strong>the</strong> Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. JAMA 261(23), 3424–3429. 14. Jones, R. T. (2002) Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 58s–63s. 15. Sidney, S. (2002) Cardiovascular complications of marijuana use. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 64s–70s. 16. Bloom, J. W., Kaltenborn, W. T., Paoletti, P., Camilli, A., <strong>and</strong> Lebowitz, M. D. (1987) Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 295(6612), 1516– 1518. 17. Tashkin, D. P., Fligiel, S., Wu, T. C., et al. (1990) Effects of habitual use of marijuana <strong>and</strong>/ or cocaine on <strong>the</strong> lung. NIDA Res. Monogr. 99, 63–87. 18. Tashkin, D. P., Simmons, M. S., Sherrill, D. L., <strong>and</strong> Coulson, A. H. (1997) Heavy habitual marijuana smoking does not cause accelerated decline in FEV1 with age. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155, 141–148. 19. Sherrill, D. L., Kryzanowski, M., Bloom, J. W., <strong>and</strong> Lebowitz, M. D. (1991) Respiratory effects of non-tobacco cigarettes: a longitudinal study in general population. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20, 132–137. 20. Starr, K. <strong>and</strong> Renneker, M. (1994) A cytologic evaluation of sputum in marijuana smokers. J. Family Practice 39(4), 359–363.
250 Khalsa 21. Tashkin, D.P., Baldwin, G.C., Sarafian, T., Dubinett, S., <strong>and</strong> Roth, M.D. (2002) Respiratory <strong>and</strong> immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42(11, Suppl.), 71s–81s. 22. Caiaffa, W. T., Vlahov, D., Graham, N. M., et al. (1994) Drug smoking, Peneumocystis carinii pneumonia, <strong>and</strong> immunosppression increase risk of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive injection drug users, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150(6 Pt. 1), 1493–1498. 23. Brendt, B. M., Higuera-Alhino, D., Shade, S. B., Herbert, S. J., McCune, J. M., <strong>and</strong> Abrams, D. I. (2002) Short-term effects of cannabinoids on immune phenotype <strong>and</strong> function in HIV-1-infected patients. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 82s–89s. 24. Polen, M. R., Sidney, S., Tekawa, I. S., Sadler, M., <strong>and</strong> Friedman, G. D. (1993) Health care use by frequent marijuana smokers who do not smoke tobacco. Western J. Med. 158, 596– 601. 25. Fligiel, S. E., Roth, M. D., Kleerup, E. C., Barsky, S. H., Simmons, M. S., <strong>and</strong> Tashkin, D. P. (1997) Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, <strong>and</strong>/ or tobacco. Chest 112(2), 319–326. 26. Johnson, M. K., Smith, R. P., Morrison, D., Laszlo, G., <strong>and</strong> White, R. J. (2000) Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax 55, 340–342. 27. aWengen, D. F. (1993) <strong>Marijuana</strong> <strong>and</strong> malignant tumors of <strong>the</strong> upper aerodigestive tract in young patients. Laryngorhinootologie 72(5), 264–267. 28. Caplan, G. A. <strong>and</strong> Brigham, B. A. (1990) <strong>Marijuana</strong> smoking <strong>and</strong> carcinoma of <strong>the</strong> tongue. Is <strong>the</strong>re an association? Cancer 66, 1005–1006. 29. Caplan, G. A. (1991) Marihuana <strong>and</strong> mouth cancer. J. Royal Soc. Med. 84, 386. 30. Tashkin, D. P. (1993) Is frequent marijuana smoking harmful to health? Western J. Med. 158, 635–637. 31. Novotny, M., Lee, M. L., <strong>and</strong> Bartle, K. D. (1976) A possible chemical basis for <strong>the</strong> higher mutagenicity of marijuana smoke as compared to tobacco smoke. Experentia 32(3), 280– 282. 32. Vupputuri, S., Batuman, V., Muntner, P., et al. (2004) The risk for mild kidney function decline associated with illicit drug use among hypertensive men. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 43(4), 629–635. 33. Lambrecht, G. L., Malbrain, M. L., Coremans, P., Verbist, L., <strong>and</strong> Verhaegen, H. (1995) Acute renal infarction <strong>and</strong> heavy marijuana smoking. Nephron 70(4), 494–496. 34. Farber, S. J. <strong>and</strong> Huertas, V.E. (1976) Intravenously injected marihuana syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 136(3), 337–339. 35. Brown, T. T. <strong>and</strong> Dobs, A. S. (2002) Endocrine effects of marijuana. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42 (11, Suppl.), 90s–96s. 36. Schuel, H., Burkman, L. J., Lippes, J., et al. (2002) Evidence that an<strong>and</strong>amide-signaling regulates human sperm functions required for fertilization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63(3), 376– 387. 37. Bloch, E. (1983) Effects of marijuana <strong>and</strong> cannabinoids on reproduction, endocrine function, development <strong>and</strong> chromosomes, in Cannabis <strong>and</strong> Health Hazards (Fehr, K. O <strong>and</strong> Kalant, H., eds.), Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto. 38. Harclerode, J. (1984) Endocrine effects of marijuana in <strong>the</strong> male: preclinical studies. NIDA Res. Monogr. 44, 46–64. 39. Dixit, V. P., Gupta, C. L., <strong>and</strong> Agarwal, M. (1977) Testicular degeneration <strong>and</strong> necrosis induced by chronic administration of cannabis extract in dogs. Endocrinologie 69(3), 299– 305. 40. Mendelson, J. H., Mello, K., Ellingboe, J., Skupny, A. S., Lex, B. W., <strong>and</strong> Griffin, M. (1986) <strong>Marijuana</strong> smoking suppresses luteinizing hormone in women. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237(3), 862–866.
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Marijuana and the Cannabinoids Edit
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F O R E N S I C SCIENCE AND MEDICIN
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© 2007 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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Contents Preface ..................
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Contributors RUDOLF BRENNEISEN, PhD
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Cannabis and Natural Cannabis Medic
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemistry of Cannabis Constituents
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Chemical Fingerprinting of Cannabis
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 67 Chapt
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 69 Fig.
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 71 fied,
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 73 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 75 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 77 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 79 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 81 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 83 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 85 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 87 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 89 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 91 Table
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 93 of th
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Marijuana Smoke Condensate 95 12. N
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 97 Cha
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 99 Fig
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 101 an
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 103 Fi
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 105 Fi
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 107 CB
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 109 st
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 111 Fi
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 113 ti
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 115 Fi
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 117 do
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 119 19
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 121 57
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Pharmacology of Cannabinoids 123 97
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoi
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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165 Table 2 Analytical Recovery of
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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Immunoassays to Detect Cannabis Abu
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MS for Detection of Cannabinoids 17
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MS for Detection of Cannabinoids 18
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MS for Detection of Cannabinoids 18
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MS for Detection of Cannabinoids 18
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MS for Detection of Cannabinoids 18
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189 Table 1 Published Methods for M
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191 30 THCA SPE No derivatization L
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193 Table 3 Published Methods for M
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195 Table 5 Published Methods for M
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197 Table 7 Published Methods for M
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Postmortem Considerations 299 where
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Postmortem Considerations 301 18. B
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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Cannabinoid Effects on Mental Proce
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318 Index THC, 283, 284 THC/11-carb
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320 Index Immune system, cannabinoi
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322 Index ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol