Hydrochemistry and energy storage in aquifers - NHV.nu

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3 THE IEA The International Energy Agency (IEA) was founded in 1974, directly after the first energy crisis, by a number of OECD countries to cope jointly with the energy problems. At present 22 countries participate in the activities of the IEA. The principal task of the IEA is to secure energy supplies for both short and long term. The IEA has encouraged Member countries to conserve energy, to reduce dependence on oil, to develop alternatives to oil - like coal, nuclear power and renewable energy sources - and to pursue research and development. A current issue for the IEA is the effect of the growing environmental concerns on energy policy. The joint energy Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) projects refer to (OECD, 1987) the application of fossil fuels, renewable energy forms, controlled thermonuclear fusion, and new technologies to achieve more efficient use of energy (energy conservation). So the whole energy RD&D field is covered, except conventional nuclear energy. RD&D in this field is carried out by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the OECD, that existed already before the establishment of the IEA. Participation in energy RD&D activities takes place on voluntary basis. The intention to carry out research on a certain field is laid down in a so called "Implementing Agreement". Consequently there is an Implementing Agreement Energy Storage with the objective: "cooperative research, development, demonstrations and exchange of information regarding energy conservation through energy storage" (IEA, 1978). After an Implementing Agreement has been drafted, separate RD&D projects are defined by two or more participating countries. In many cases the projects take place on a task sharing basis, in some cases, for instance when demonstration projects are executed, cost sharing is agreed upon.
4 IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT ENERGY STORAGE The Implementing Agreement Energy Storage, in full: "Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research and Development on Energy Conservation through Energy Storage", has been concluded in 1978. This Implementing Agreement has been concluded because it was recognized that energy storage can play an important role in the saving of energy as well as the application of renewable energy sources. The first project within the framework of the Implementing Agreement Energy Storage concerned an evaluation of large scale energy storage systems. From this evaluation it appeared, among other things, that heat storage in aquifers is the least expensive technology for storage of thermal energy on a large scale, see figure 1 (IEA, 1981). 1. UNOERGROUO CONCRET TANK 2. MAN-IIAOE AQUIFER 3. STEEL OR CONCRET TAtiK AT THE SURFACE 4. AQUIFER STORAGE 5. LARGE OIAMETER VERTICAL RESERVOIR 04- 0 f - 10' i05 m) WATER EQUIVALENT Figure 1 Cost of energy storage as a function of water volume
Page 1 and 2: 4 'Hydrochemistry and energy storag
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS AUTHORS INTRODUCTION J.W.
Page 6 and 7: 4 Corrosion 5 Some conclusions Refe
Page 8 and 9: AUTHORS 0. Andersson VIAK AB P.O. B
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION J.W. Lyklema This volu
Page 12 and 13: THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AND
Page 16 and 17: In addition to projects in the doma
Page 18 and 19: THE RELATION BETWEEN AQUIFER THERNl
Page 20 and 21: 3 VIABILITY ATES systems contribute
Page 22 and 23: Figure 4 Temperature fluctuations o
Page 24 and 25: 10°C between two cycles. We have t
Page 26: groundwater quality so seriously th
Page 29 and 30: developed within Annex VI (Environm
Page 31 and 32: carbonate phase, the use of a high-
Page 33 and 34: generally contain sufficient organi
Page 35 and 36: precipitation from solutions at nea
Page 37 and 38: of the water for storage. These tre
Page 39 and 40: the higher ATES temperatures. There
Page 41 and 42: One of our research objectives is t
Page 43 and 44: COUDRAIN-RIBSTEIN, A. and GOBLET, P
Page 45 and 46: SPOSITO, G, and LeVESQUE, C.S. ; 19
Page 47 and 48: saturation with respect to calcite
Page 49 and 50: system would influence the hydroche
Page 51 and 52: columns were heated from 11°C to 9
Page 53 and 54: (Table 2), clearly shows that the i
Page 55 and 56: Plate 1: CaC03 grain from first cen
Page 57 and 58: decrease in ca2+ activity, to reach
Page 59 and 60: y thermodynamic equilibrium calcula
Page 61 and 62: HOLM, T.R., EISENREICH, S.J., ROSEN
Page 63 and 64: INTRODUCTION The use of aquifers fo
Page 65 and 66:
As can be seen "cloggingn has been
Page 67 and 68:
specific capacity of the well and c
Page 69 and 70:
the water being injected. The reaso
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 5 Simplified stability diagr
Page 73 and 74:
3.4 Clogging by organic slime Clogg
Page 75 and 76:
4 CORROSION 4.1 Forms of corrosion
Page 77 and 78:
When halogens are known to be prese
Page 79 and 80:
available on the market. SOME CONCL
Page 82 and 83:
BIOGEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF AQUIFER T
Page 84 and 85:
In accordance with Figure 1 mangane
Page 86 and 87:
at a neutral pH is kinetically dete
Page 88 and 89:
of such biocides used against desul
Page 90 and 91:
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELLIN
Page 92 and 93:
The complexity of the models with a
Page 94 and 95:
The comparison shows that inclusion
Page 96 and 97:
the component O2 (Oxygen) has been
Page 98 and 99:
The results of a recent solubility
Page 100 and 101:
The neutral "exchangeable" complex
Page 102 and 103:
SrC12 elution of Delft sediment, sh
Page 104 and 105:
The saturation ratios can be used i
Page 106 and 107:
Recovered water in the long term te
Page 108 and 109:
Cumulat~ve Flow (103m3) Cumulative
Page 110 and 111:
Dissolution of silicates is in much
Page 112 and 113:
KIRKNER, D.J., and REEVES, H.; 1988
Page 114 and 115:
WATER TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL E
Page 116 and 117:
Table 1 Ove~iew of chemical treatme
Page 118 and 119:
calculated with a computer model th
Page 120:
Figure 1 Schematic representation o
Page 123 and 124:
addition shows an increase in neces
Page 125 and 126:
Table 4 summarizes the primary envi
Page 127 and 128:
wsts for this overdimensioning may
Page 129 and 130:
_? Primary circuit Figure 7 Reactor
Page 131:
Problems with iron precipitation ca
Page 134 and 135:
RESEARCH ON HYDROCHEMISTRY AND WATE
Page 136 and 137:
ANNEX XI L - -1 I Figure 1 Relation
Page 138 and 139:
stores. F. To test selected water t
Page 140 and 141:
(Fe, Ca, Mg) solid solutions. The p
Page 142 and 143:
corrosion and scaling rates under d
Page 144:
the industry. For this treatment no
Page 149 and 150:
Water nuisance. Proceedings of Tech
Page 151:
No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 Urban storm wa
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