Hydrochemistry and energy storage in aquifers - NHV.nu

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LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON BEHALF OF THE TNO-DGV TEST FACILITY FOR AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE AT DELFT, THE NETHERLANDS J. Griffioen ABSTRACT An aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) cycle was simulated by injecting groundwater in a sediment column at 90°C and, subsequently, injecting it in a column at 11°C to study aspects of the hydrogeochemical processes associated with ATES. For the heat storage cycle, no thermodynamic equilibrium with end-member carbonates was found after a reaction time of 44 hours at 90°C. Fast precipitation occurs as long as Fe remains in solution. Prolonged precipitation of Ca, eventually with Mg, appears inhibited by o-PO4 and organic acids. Desorption of K, NH4 and Fe upon temperature increase of the system, occurs initially. This buffering mechanism against precipitation of carbonate is not sufficient, because of the small CEC of the sediment in combination with the high hardness of the injected groundwater. Weathering of silicates leads to the release of Na, Ca and Mg. K and Si appear to be incorporated in secondary minerals. Reinjection of heated groundwater in a cold column does only induce desorption of Fe and Mn. 1 INTRODUCTION Hydrogeochemical processes during the operation of an ATES system need to be considered because they may seriously affect the system. Especially the potential of carbonate precipitation upon heating of groundwater needs attention, because many groundwaters show
saturation with respect to calcite and will become supersaturated when temperature is increased. Thermodynamic equilibrium computations to calculate the expected amount of mineral precipitation, as done by Palmer and Cherry (1984) and Holm et al. (1987), might not be operative in a natural ATES system. Hydrochemical experiments on natural systems are needed to determine in an empirical way the amount of precipitation, as governed by the degree of supersaturation, kinetics, occurrence of inhibition, weathering of other minerals and ion-exchange processes. Purpose of the laboratory experiments was to investigate which hydrogeochemical processes really occur whefi groundwater is heated and injected in the sediment, subsequently withdrawn, cooled and reinjected in the sediment. The experiments simulate an ATES cycle to a large extent: both temporary reactions and continuous reactions are observed when groundwater flows through a sediment. 2 ATES TEST FACILITY bth sediment and groundwater originate from the Dutch ATES test facility, constructed on the terrain of the TNO-DGV Institute of Applied Geoscience in Delft, West Netherlands. The first aquifer, the Kreftenheije aquifer, is the storage aquifer. The Westland Formation forms the upper confining layer and the Kedichem Formation forms the lower confining layer (Fig. 1). The Pleistocene Kedichem Formation dominantly consists of fluviatile siltcontaining fine sands and clay. The Kreftenheije Formation is also of Pleistocene, fluviatile origin from a braided river system. The aquifer consists mainly of medium coarse sands with interspersed coarse sands. At the test-site, the aquifer ranges from 14 to 34 m. below surface. The Holocene, perimarine Westland Formation consists mainly of an alternation of clay and peat layers (Haak, 1989). Sediment was sampled at a depth of about 16 meters at the production side (Fig. 1) with the 'shrew-mouse' technique, an anaerobic sampling procedure (Appelo et al., 1990). The sediment can be characterized as medium coarse, quartz-rich sand with mainly chlorite and illite as clay minerals. The mean C,rg,,i, content is 770 ppm + 300 and the mean N-content is 17.6 ppm 8.1. The grain size distributions show an arithmetic mean of about 0.35 mm.
Page 1 and 2: 4 'Hydrochemistry and energy storag
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS AUTHORS INTRODUCTION J.W.
Page 6 and 7: 4 Corrosion 5 Some conclusions Refe
Page 8 and 9: AUTHORS 0. Andersson VIAK AB P.O. B
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION J.W. Lyklema This volu
Page 12 and 13: THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AND
Page 14 and 15: 3 THE IEA The International Energy
Page 16 and 17: In addition to projects in the doma
Page 18 and 19: THE RELATION BETWEEN AQUIFER THERNl
Page 20 and 21: 3 VIABILITY ATES systems contribute
Page 22 and 23: Figure 4 Temperature fluctuations o
Page 24 and 25: 10°C between two cycles. We have t
Page 26: groundwater quality so seriously th
Page 29 and 30: developed within Annex VI (Environm
Page 31 and 32: carbonate phase, the use of a high-
Page 33 and 34: generally contain sufficient organi
Page 35 and 36: precipitation from solutions at nea
Page 37 and 38: of the water for storage. These tre
Page 39 and 40: the higher ATES temperatures. There
Page 41 and 42: One of our research objectives is t
Page 43 and 44: COUDRAIN-RIBSTEIN, A. and GOBLET, P
Page 45: SPOSITO, G, and LeVESQUE, C.S. ; 19
Page 49 and 50: system would influence the hydroche
Page 51 and 52: columns were heated from 11°C to 9
Page 53 and 54: (Table 2), clearly shows that the i
Page 55 and 56: Plate 1: CaC03 grain from first cen
Page 57 and 58: decrease in ca2+ activity, to reach
Page 59 and 60: y thermodynamic equilibrium calcula
Page 61 and 62: HOLM, T.R., EISENREICH, S.J., ROSEN
Page 63 and 64: INTRODUCTION The use of aquifers fo
Page 65 and 66: As can be seen "cloggingn has been
Page 67 and 68: specific capacity of the well and c
Page 69 and 70: the water being injected. The reaso
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5 Simplified stability diagr
Page 73 and 74: 3.4 Clogging by organic slime Clogg
Page 75 and 76: 4 CORROSION 4.1 Forms of corrosion
Page 77 and 78: When halogens are known to be prese
Page 79 and 80: available on the market. SOME CONCL
Page 82 and 83: BIOGEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF AQUIFER T
Page 84 and 85: In accordance with Figure 1 mangane
Page 86 and 87: at a neutral pH is kinetically dete
Page 88 and 89: of such biocides used against desul
Page 90 and 91: HYDROGEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELLIN
Page 92 and 93: The complexity of the models with a
Page 94 and 95: The comparison shows that inclusion
Page 96 and 97:
the component O2 (Oxygen) has been
Page 98 and 99:
The results of a recent solubility
Page 100 and 101:
The neutral "exchangeable" complex
Page 102 and 103:
SrC12 elution of Delft sediment, sh
Page 104 and 105:
The saturation ratios can be used i
Page 106 and 107:
Recovered water in the long term te
Page 108 and 109:
Cumulat~ve Flow (103m3) Cumulative
Page 110 and 111:
Dissolution of silicates is in much
Page 112 and 113:
KIRKNER, D.J., and REEVES, H.; 1988
Page 114 and 115:
WATER TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL E
Page 116 and 117:
Table 1 Ove~iew of chemical treatme
Page 118 and 119:
calculated with a computer model th
Page 120:
Figure 1 Schematic representation o
Page 123 and 124:
addition shows an increase in neces
Page 125 and 126:
Table 4 summarizes the primary envi
Page 127 and 128:
wsts for this overdimensioning may
Page 129 and 130:
_? Primary circuit Figure 7 Reactor
Page 131:
Problems with iron precipitation ca
Page 134 and 135:
RESEARCH ON HYDROCHEMISTRY AND WATE
Page 136 and 137:
ANNEX XI L - -1 I Figure 1 Relation
Page 138 and 139:
stores. F. To test selected water t
Page 140 and 141:
(Fe, Ca, Mg) solid solutions. The p
Page 142 and 143:
corrosion and scaling rates under d
Page 144:
the industry. For this treatment no
Page 149 and 150:
Water nuisance. Proceedings of Tech
Page 151:
No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 Urban storm wa
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Hydrochemistry and energy storage in aquifers - NHV.nu

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