Hydrochemistry and energy storage in aquifers - NHV.nu

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-0.80 0 200 400 600 800 Time (hours) Figure 3 Saturation index for Calcite calculated at 120°C with and without increased temperature competence added to the MINTEQ(P3) geochemical model. h N C L rn Y 5 -0.00 -0.10 - . -0.20 - . -0.30 - - -0.40 0 .. .. . . 0 = 0 0 0 0 CI 0 MINTEQP2 m MlNTEQP3 I I I 0 200 400 600 800 Time (hours) Figure 4 Saturation index for Quartz calculated at 120°C with and Without increased temperature competence using the MINTEQ(P3) geochemical model.
One of our research objectives is to approximate the dissolved concentrations of scale- forming components as a function of time and temperature. Thus, the solubility limiting form of SiOz is of importance. Groundwater distant from recharge areas is generally found to be in equilibrium with chalcedony, a micro-crystalline form of SO2, (Coudrain-Ribstein and Goblet, 1987; Vinsot, 1987; Fisher and Eckstein, 1989*); E.A. Jenne unpublished data). J.P. McKinley and E.A. Jenne (unpublished data) found that water injected at > 100°C at the St. Paul, Minnesota, ATES site was in all cases oversaturated with quartz (using the temperature dependence of thermodynamic data reported by Smith, 1988), whereas the earlier reports of Holm et al. (1987) and Perlinger et al. (1987) reported that the withdrawn water from short- and long-term cycles at St. Paul (with injection temperatures of 55-115°C) was "not far from equilibrium with quartz." In general, temperature and reaction time determines whether chalcedony or quartz is the equilibrium phase (Roy et al., 1989). 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS The likelihood of decreased effectiveness or even failure of ATES systems can be significantly reduced by a knowledge of the geochemical processes involved in the formation of precipitates which frequently decrease the efficiency of heat exchangers and may reduce hot-water injection rates. Problems arising from the formation of precipitates and clay dispersion are now largely avoidable by using appropriate geochemical calculations. For these reasons, cation exchange is included in the transport modelling of dissolved constituents in ATES systems (Appelo and Willemsen, 1987; Willemsen and Nienhuis, 1988). Some uncertainty remains in the region of modest oversaturation due to inhibitors. A significant aspect of the geochemical research by the U.S. Department of Energy is the reduction in the uncertainty with which reliable predictions of precipitation are made. In cases where calcium carbonate calculated oversaturation is due to solid solution and inhibition of precipitation, capital costs for water treatment can be avoided which otherwise would be required to ensure freedom from troublesome precipitates. *) Fisher, D.S. and Eckstein, Y., 1989. Simulated hydrogeochemical processes in a glacial drift basin. Unpublished ms. presented at Metals S~eciation in Ground Water. Jekyell Island, Georgia. May 24-26, 1989.
Page 1 and 2: 4 'Hydrochemistry and energy storag
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS AUTHORS INTRODUCTION J.W.
Page 6 and 7: 4 Corrosion 5 Some conclusions Refe
Page 8 and 9: AUTHORS 0. Andersson VIAK AB P.O. B
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION J.W. Lyklema This volu
Page 12 and 13: THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AND
Page 14 and 15: 3 THE IEA The International Energy
Page 16 and 17: In addition to projects in the doma
Page 18 and 19: THE RELATION BETWEEN AQUIFER THERNl
Page 20 and 21: 3 VIABILITY ATES systems contribute
Page 22 and 23: Figure 4 Temperature fluctuations o
Page 24 and 25: 10°C between two cycles. We have t
Page 26: groundwater quality so seriously th
Page 29 and 30: developed within Annex VI (Environm
Page 31 and 32: carbonate phase, the use of a high-
Page 33 and 34: generally contain sufficient organi
Page 35 and 36: precipitation from solutions at nea
Page 37 and 38: of the water for storage. These tre
Page 39: the higher ATES temperatures. There
Page 43 and 44: COUDRAIN-RIBSTEIN, A. and GOBLET, P
Page 45 and 46: SPOSITO, G, and LeVESQUE, C.S. ; 19
Page 47 and 48: saturation with respect to calcite
Page 49 and 50: system would influence the hydroche
Page 51 and 52: columns were heated from 11°C to 9
Page 53 and 54: (Table 2), clearly shows that the i
Page 55 and 56: Plate 1: CaC03 grain from first cen
Page 57 and 58: decrease in ca2+ activity, to reach
Page 59 and 60: y thermodynamic equilibrium calcula
Page 61 and 62: HOLM, T.R., EISENREICH, S.J., ROSEN
Page 63 and 64: INTRODUCTION The use of aquifers fo
Page 65 and 66: As can be seen "cloggingn has been
Page 67 and 68: specific capacity of the well and c
Page 69 and 70: the water being injected. The reaso
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5 Simplified stability diagr
Page 73 and 74: 3.4 Clogging by organic slime Clogg
Page 75 and 76: 4 CORROSION 4.1 Forms of corrosion
Page 77 and 78: When halogens are known to be prese
Page 79 and 80: available on the market. SOME CONCL
Page 82 and 83: BIOGEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF AQUIFER T
Page 84 and 85: In accordance with Figure 1 mangane
Page 86 and 87: at a neutral pH is kinetically dete
Page 88 and 89: of such biocides used against desul
Page 90 and 91:
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELLIN
Page 92 and 93:
The complexity of the models with a
Page 94 and 95:
The comparison shows that inclusion
Page 96 and 97:
the component O2 (Oxygen) has been
Page 98 and 99:
The results of a recent solubility
Page 100 and 101:
The neutral "exchangeable" complex
Page 102 and 103:
SrC12 elution of Delft sediment, sh
Page 104 and 105:
The saturation ratios can be used i
Page 106 and 107:
Recovered water in the long term te
Page 108 and 109:
Cumulat~ve Flow (103m3) Cumulative
Page 110 and 111:
Dissolution of silicates is in much
Page 112 and 113:
KIRKNER, D.J., and REEVES, H.; 1988
Page 114 and 115:
WATER TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL E
Page 116 and 117:
Table 1 Ove~iew of chemical treatme
Page 118 and 119:
calculated with a computer model th
Page 120:
Figure 1 Schematic representation o
Page 123 and 124:
addition shows an increase in neces
Page 125 and 126:
Table 4 summarizes the primary envi
Page 127 and 128:
wsts for this overdimensioning may
Page 129 and 130:
_? Primary circuit Figure 7 Reactor
Page 131:
Problems with iron precipitation ca
Page 134 and 135:
RESEARCH ON HYDROCHEMISTRY AND WATE
Page 136 and 137:
ANNEX XI L - -1 I Figure 1 Relation
Page 138 and 139:
stores. F. To test selected water t
Page 140 and 141:
(Fe, Ca, Mg) solid solutions. The p
Page 142 and 143:
corrosion and scaling rates under d
Page 144:
the industry. For this treatment no
Page 149 and 150:
Water nuisance. Proceedings of Tech
Page 151:
No. 36 No. 37 No. 38 Urban storm wa
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